How much heat in kW do you need to heat your house - check it with a calculator!

If we are going to save as much as possible in this or that area of ​​life, then we need to have a good idea of ​​where, in what quantities and what our money is spent on. And one of the most sensitive items of family budget expenditure in our time is utility bills. And if there is relative clarity with electricity costs, since for the most part everything is visible and quite clear, then with heating it is somewhat more complicated.

How much heat do we need to heat our home?

It doesn’t matter what scheme or system is used for these purposes, first of all it is necessary to have information about how much heat we need to heat our home? Yes, the question sounds exactly like that, without moving into the “monetary plane” for now. Yes, we will not be able to predict financial costs until we express the required thermal energy in some understandable quantities. For example, in kilowatts.

That's what we'll do today.

Features of electric boilers

Modern heating devices are of a fairly simple design. The most popular among them are:

• Electrode (ionic)
• heating elements new

Each of them has both advantages and disadvantages.
For example, in heating elements, the main element is a container, inside of which a heater (heat exchanger) is fixed. Control and adjustment functions in such boilers are carried out by a special automation unit. Typically, economical electric heating boilers require only an electrical network for installation, which avoids unnecessary costs for chimney and exhaust equipment.

Another advantage is their low cost, but truly tangible cost savings can only be achieved with a careful approach.

Popular manufacturers of electric boilers

When purchasing an electric heating boiler for your home, you should take a closer look at the most popular brands. After all, if their equipment did not have the proper quality, it is unlikely that they would be able to gain high popularity among the population. At the moment, the most widely used equipment on the Russian market is from such manufacturers as:

Domestic manufacturers are also popular, for example, electric boilers from RusNit and EVAN. Like foreign models, these heaters differ from their analogues in their low noise level during operation, high performance and durable operation.

If you go by prices, then you should pay attention to what power you need to choose for the boiler, because it determines how warm the house will be after installing the unit. Thus, the most low-cost 3 kW boilers can cost the owner from 3 thousand rubles

More powerful models will therefore cost more. Now let's look at the most popular models on the Russian market and their current prices. This study was conducted in 2014, but the models presented in the list can still be purchased today:

This 220 V electric boiler model is designed for a power of 9 kW, which allows you to heat rooms up to 90 m2. This boiler is perfect for a small cottage or small house. At a relatively low cost, in terms of the set of functions, the Russian heater can boast of a good set of functions that most more expensive imported boilers have. You can find such boilers on the market with prices starting from 15 thousand rubles.

1. Vaillant eloBLOCK VE 12 volt.

This unit, with a two-phase connection, has a power of 12 kW, which is enough to heat rooms with a total area of ​​120 m2. This figure is achieved thanks to 2 heating elements, 6 kW each, built into the system. This electric boiler is considered one of the easiest to use, because all settings can be adjusted with just one key. The cost of such a model on the market starts from 32 thousand rubles.

Despite the fact that SKAT heaters operate on a three-phase network, they can also be operated when connected to a two-phase network designed for 220 volts. Like the previous boiler, SKAT has a power of 12 kW, which means that it is capable of heating rooms up to 120 m2. The minimum cost of such a heater is 29.5 thousand rubles.

Before purchasing an electric boiler, you should not only calculate the money for its purchase, but also calculate the approximate costs of electricity consumption that may arise after installing the unit.

Illuminance value

Incorrect lighting is the enemy of vision

The role of light in everyday life is difficult to overestimate, because without lighting the comfort of our home will be greatly reduced. Light affects not only the safety of our movement around the apartment, but also health indicators. If the room is illuminated by insufficient lamps, the following health problems may arise:

• significant drop in visual acuity. In the worst case, you may need glasses and a consultation with an ophthalmologist;
• decreased general health of household members;
• the appearance of excessive irritability;
• a decrease in immunity and an increase in the incidence of colds;

Note! Incorrect room lighting has a particularly negative impact on the health of children.

• decreased work productivity;
• sleep disturbance;
• decrease in the emotional background of household members.

As you can see, for each room it is necessary to calculate the required number of light bulbs, with the help of which sufficient lighting will be created in the room.

Calculating heating costs

To find out what is the most economical heating for a country house, it is recommended for clarity to make a simple sign like this:

Heating cost calculation

In this table, the second column is filled in based on the cost of each type of fuel in your region, or your individual price is entered into it. The third column has already been filled in for ease of calculation. The cost of 1 kW of thermal energy can be easily determined by dividing the price of 1 kg of fuel (column 2) by its specific calorific value (column 3).

The fifth column is filled in based on the fact that the average consumed thermal power in a private house with an area of ​​100 m2 per season is 5 kW/h, and the duration of the heating season is 180 days (5 x 24 x 180 = 21,600 kW/h).

It is clear that the house designs are all different and the area will be different, as well as the length of the season in your region, so you will need to make appropriate adjustments. By multiplying the data in columns 4 and 5, we determine the estimated costs for the season.

However, these values ​​do not take into account the operating efficiency of the equipment, the values ​​of which are given below. Dividing the estimated costs by the efficiency value, in the last column we get a direct answer to the question - what is cheaper to heat a house besides gas.

For those homeowners who already have gas boilers installed in their homes, you can add another line below for comparison, filling it with data on natural gas, based on actual fuel consumption and its price.

Scheme of heating a private house with gas cylinders

It would seem that now everything has fallen into place and you can calmly make a choice in favor of one or another energy carrier for economical heating. But this approach is one-sided, because there is also such a thing as convenience and complexity in maintaining and operating the heating system of a private home.

Power of household electrical appliances

Household electrical appliances usually have a wattage rating. Some fixtures limit the wattage of the bulbs they can use, such as no more than 60 watts. This is done because higher wattage lamps generate a lot of heat and the lamp socket may be damaged. And the lamp itself will not last long at high temperatures in the lamp. This is mainly a problem with incandescent lamps. LED, fluorescent and other lamps typically operate at lower wattages for the same brightness and, if used in fixtures designed for incandescent bulbs, wattage is not an issue.

The greater the power of an electrical appliance, the higher the energy consumption and the cost of using the device. Therefore, manufacturers are constantly improving electrical appliances and lamps. The luminous flux of lamps, measured in lumens, depends on the power, but also on the type of lamp. The greater the luminous flux of a lamp, the brighter its light appears. For people, it is the high brightness that is important, and not the power consumed by the llama, so lately alternatives to incandescent lamps have become increasingly popular. Below are examples of types of lamps, their power and the luminous flux they create.

Some useful tips

If the answer in a calculation is not a whole number, then it must be rounded up. So, if the answer is 4.6, then it is rounded to 5. This is due to the fact that it is better to exceed the norm a little than to resort to additional lighting devices in the future.

Uniform placement of lighting fixtures around the perimeter has a positive effect on the quality of lighting. In such cases, a larger number of light bulbs are used, but with less power.

As you have already noticed, even a fifth grader can handle the calculations. But the main thing in this matter is to know all the factors influencing lighting. Thus, with the right approach and correct calculations, you can comfortably and pleasantly illuminate your home.

Calculation by room area

A preliminary calculation can be made based on the area of ​​the room for which radiators are purchased. This is a very simple calculation and is suitable for rooms with low ceilings (2.40-2.60 m). According to building codes, heating will require 100 W of thermal power per square meter of room.

We calculate the amount of heat that will be needed for the entire room. To do this, we multiply the area by 100 W, i.e. for a room of 20 square meters. m. the calculated thermal power will be 2000 W (20 sq.m X 100 W) or 2 kW.

This result must be divided by the heat transfer of one section specified by the manufacturer. For example, if it is 170 W, then in our case the required number of radiator sections will be:

2000 W / 170 W = 11.76, i.e. 12, since the result should be rounded to the nearest whole number. Rounding is usually done upward, but for rooms where heat loss is below average, such as the kitchen, you can round down.

It is imperative to take into account possible heat loss depending on the specific situation. Of course, a room with a balcony or located in the corner of a building loses heat faster. In this case, the calculated thermal power for the room should be increased by 20%. It is worth increasing the calculations by approximately 15-20% if you plan to hide the radiators behind the screen or mount them in a niche.

To make it more convenient for you to calculate, we have made this calculator for you:

How do we calculate?

To calculate the number of lamps required for a room, you must follow the principle of rounding fractions up. This means that when getting, for example, a value of 36 W for a small corridor, it is better to use two 25 W bulbs than one 40 W. Note! In this matter, it is also necessary to evaluate the color scheme of the room. If there are dark tones in the design, preference should be given to brighter light sources. To obtain specific numbers, you must use the formula for calculating spots. Here, to calculate the optimal level of required lighting, the following formula is used: N = (S * W) / P, where these indicators denote the following values:

• N is the number of lamps available in the room. Measured in pieces;
• S – area of ​​available premises. Measured in sq.m;
• W is the specific power of the luminous flux emitted by the bulbs. The parameter indicates the level that is necessary to create optimal lighting. This indicator is different for each lamp. Measured in W/sq.m;
• P – power for one lamp. Measured in Watts.

Remember that the figures obtained during the calculations may fluctuate slightly, but they will still be as close as possible to the real single parameters. To make it clear, we give an example of calculations. Let's select the following parameters:

• type of room - living room;
• type of lighting - basic;
• type of lamps - LED;
• spot power (average) – 5 W;
• room area – 20 m2.

The specific power indicator is taken from the table or calculated approximately as indicated above. For an LED lamp it is W = 3 W/sq.m. We insert all the indicators into the formula and get N = (20 * 3) / 5 = 12 pcs. You can also use another formula to determine illumination:

Living room lighting

P=pS/N, where the indicators are deciphered as follows:

• P – illumination;
• p – specific lighting power. For incandescent lamps, the average value p = 20 W/m2, for halogen lamps - 30 W/m2, for fluorescent lamps -10 W/m2, for LED lamps -3 W/m2. Measured in W/m2.;
• S – area of ​​a specific room in m2;
• N – number of available lamps.

Using the above formulas, you can easily calculate the required number of light bulbs for each room in your house or apartment.

What quantities are used in calculations

The simplest calculation of boiler power by area looks like this: you need to take 1 kW of power for every 10 sq. m. However, it is worth considering that these standards were drawn up during the Soviet Union. They do not take into account modern construction technologies; in addition, they may turn out to be untenable in areas whose climate is noticeably different from the conditions of Moscow and the Moscow region. Such calculations may be suitable for a small building with an insulated attic, low ceilings, excellent thermal insulation, double-glazed windows, etc. Unfortunately, only a few buildings meet these requirements. To make a more detailed calculation of the boiler power, you need to take into account a number of factors, such as:

• climatic conditions in the region;
• dimensions of the living space;
• degree of insulation of the house;
• possible heat loss of the building;
• the amount of heat required to heat water.

In addition, in houses with forced ventilation, the calculation of the heating boiler must take into account the amount of energy required to heat the air. As a rule, you need to use special software for calculations:

When calculating the power of a gas boiler, you should add about 20% more in case of unforeseen situations, such as severe cold or a decrease in gas pressure in the system.

Some nuances

The given calculation formulas give average indicators, so they can be slightly reduced. For example, if a room is rarely visited (pantry, corridor), then the number of light bulbs can be slightly reduced, but for frequently used ones (children's room, living room, kitchen), a slight excess of the calculated norm is allowed. In addition, you can use combined lighting, which allows you to additionally illuminate a certain area of ​​the room. As you can see, the calculations are not so complicated, but they are necessary for your health and comfortable time at home.

Power in sports

Performance can be assessed using power not only for machines, but also for people and animals. For example, the power with which a basketball player throws a ball is calculated by measuring the force she applies to the ball, the distance the ball travels, and the time over which that force is applied. There are websites that allow you to calculate work and power during exercise. The user selects the type of exercise, enters height, weight, duration of exercise, after which the program calculates the power. For example, according to one of these calculators, the power of a person 170 centimeters tall and weighing 70 kilograms, who did 50 push-ups in 10 minutes, is 39.5 watts. Athletes sometimes use devices to measure the power at which muscles work during exercise. This information helps determine how effective their chosen exercise program is.

Dynamometers

To measure power, special devices are used - dynamometers. They can also measure torque and force. Dynamometers are used in various industries, from technology to medicine. For example, they can be used to determine the power of a car engine. There are several main types of dynamometers used to measure vehicle power. In order to determine engine power using dynamometers alone, it is necessary to remove the engine from the car and attach it to the dynamometer. In other dynamometers, the force for measurement is transmitted directly from the car wheel. In this case, the car's engine through the transmission drives the wheels, which, in turn, rotate the rollers of the dynamometer, which measures engine power under various road conditions.

This dynamometer measures the torque as well as the power of a vehicle's powertrain.

Dynamometers are also used in sports and medicine. The most common type of dynamometer for these purposes is isokinetic. Typically this is a sports trainer with sensors connected to a computer. These sensors measure strength and power of the entire body or specific muscle groups. The dynamometer can be programmed to issue signals and warnings if the power exceeds a certain value

This is especially important for people with injuries during the rehabilitation period, when it is necessary not to overload the body

According to some provisions of the theory of sports, the greatest sports development occurs under a certain load, individual for each athlete. If the load is not heavy enough, the athlete gets used to it and does not develop his abilities. If, on the contrary, it is too heavy, then the results deteriorate due to overload of the body. The physical performance of some exercises, such as cycling or swimming, depends on many environmental factors, such as road conditions or wind. Such a load is difficult to measure, but you can find out with what power the body counteracts this load, and then change the exercise regimen, depending on the desired load.

Author of the article: Kateryna Yuri

Technical structure of electric heating boilers and their types

At the moment there are two types of electric boilers:

Most often, boilers of the first option are used to heat private houses, since they do not take up much space and are easy to use. Floor-standing ones usually have a power of 380 volts and are used in large industries that are not connected to centralized heating. The structure of such units is extremely simple, and they consist of only a few components:

This is the name of a tank in which there are several heating elements (tubular electric heaters) with heater blocks that heat the liquid in the heating system.

Using the control unit, you can regulate the boiler power, thereby increasing or decreasing the temperature in the heating system.

These components are basic and are present in absolutely all electric boilers. However, this is not all the equipment that may be inside this device. Heaters from different manufacturers may contain additional components that simplify the work with devices, as well as improve their parameters. These include:

This unit is necessary in case the pressure in the system suddenly begins to increase. Usually filled with air, however, with increased pressure, the inlet valve of the tank opens and the liquid rushes into a special rubber chamber inside this tank, due to which the pressure in the entire system decreases.

Typically, pump heaters are used when it is necessary to move fluid through large heating systems where the fluid is difficult to circulate using convection alone.

Electric boilers can be equipped with special boards, thanks to which the system can be set to a certain temperature or other parameters that will be maintained automatically.

When purchasing, it is worth considering that boilers used for heating are single-circuit. This means that they can only be used for closed system operation. There is no point in using them as heaters for running water, because there are separate, special storage or flow systems for this.

If you need to find a boiler not only for heating, but also to provide your home with a source of hot water, then you should think about purchasing a dual-circuit system. Such a boiler will cost more, but it combines 2 devices at once: a water heater and a heater.

In modern systems, not only heating elements can be used as a heat exchanger. Increasingly, you can find heaters that use induction current to heat the medium. In such systems, the liquid is heated as a result of heat transfer from the metal walls of the tubes through which it flows. They, in turn, heat up due to the fact that they are affected by the electromagnetic field emanating from the coils installed on the boiler. This replacement occurs for a simple reason: equipment with this method of transferring heat to liquid costs an order of magnitude cheaper and lasts somewhat longer. In addition, unlike heating element devices, there is practically no storage in them. However, there are also pitfalls, for example, servicing such systems requires certain skills that only qualified specialists possess.

You can also find electrode-type electric boilers. In them, the liquid is heated by supplying a current that passes through it between electrodes installed inside the boiler. Such heaters are considered the safest, but they have a number of disadvantages, the main one being that the electrodes are not durable, and they have to be replaced from time to time with newer ones.

Table for calculating lighting according to SNiP and SanPiN

We determine the required amount of light in the rooms for a comfortable life

Each room requires its own level of illumination. It is traditionally measured in lux and denoted as lx - this indicator is a unit of luminous flux per 1 m² of area.

The tables of SNiP No. 23-05-95 and SanPiN No. 2.21/2.1.1.1278-03 indicate the minimum illumination levels that are recommended for residential and non-residential premises.

Alternative energy sources

There is no clear answer to this question, since each individual case has its own nuances. For example, on your plot of land there are many old large trees that are just asking to be used to fire a wood-burning boiler.

Option two: in exchange for certain services, the customer is ready to supply you with diesel fuel or coal for a long time. It is clear that in such situations you will be inclined to these types of energy carriers and not pay attention to others. In the long term, this will be a mistake, since such sources will sooner or later dry up and you will have to look for other ways to heat a country house or buy the same fuel, but at a generally accepted cost.

We will try to develop some kind of universal method for determining the optimal energy carrier for heating a home, which will suit each individual case. First, let’s make a reservation that the methodology will help you determine for yourself the cheapest heating without gas; we do not take it into account.

We also don’t take into account various high-tech and exotic types of heating that are inaccessible to ordinary citizens. This includes heat pumps, solar panels, wind turbines and various types of machine and vegetable oils. Then how to heat the house if there is no gas and the above sources? We still have at our disposal:

• ordinary firewood;
• Euro firewood;
• pellets;
• coal;
• diesel fuel;
• liquefied gas in cylinders;
• electricity.

For each of these energy sources, you should calculate the costs for the entire cold period, then it will be clear how cheaper it is to heat a house.

Why is all this needed?

The problem should be considered from two points of view - from the point of view of apartment buildings and private ones. Let's start with the first ones.

Apartment buildings

There is nothing complicated here: gigacalories are used in thermal calculations. And if you know how much thermal energy remains in the house, then you can present the consumer with a specific bill. Let's give a small comparison: if centralized heating operates in the absence of a meter, then you have to pay according to the area of ​​the heated room. If there is a heat meter, this in itself implies a horizontal wiring type (either collector or serial): two risers are brought into the apartment (for “return” and supply), and the intra-apartment system (more precisely, its configuration) is determined by the residents. This kind of scheme is used in new buildings, thanks to which people regulate the consumption of thermal energy, making a choice between savings and comfort.

Let's find out how this adjustment is carried out.

1. Installation of a general thermostat on the return line. In this case, the flow rate of the working fluid is determined by the temperature inside the apartment: if it decreases, the flow rate will accordingly increase, and if it increases, it will decrease.

2. Throttling of heating radiators. Thanks to the throttle, the passage of the heating device is limited, the temperature decreases, and therefore the consumption of thermal energy is reduced.

Private houses

We continue to talk about calculating Gcal for heating. Owners of country houses are interested, first of all, in the cost of a gigacalorie of thermal energy obtained from one or another type of fuel. The table below may help with this.

Table. Comparison of cost of 1 Gcal (including transport costs)

* - prices are approximate, since tariffs may differ depending on the region, moreover, they are constantly growing.

What are the recommendations?

As we found out, lighting in the house plays a huge role. Lamps should provide as much light as needed for a particular room. In an apartment or private house, each room has its own purpose and operating features (kitchen, bedroom, living room, corridor, etc.). Particular attention in this matter should be paid to the children's room, since for children even a slight deviation of the light flux from the norm can lead to a negative effect on the body. Each room should have its own indicator of the number of light bulbs and fixtures. The number of lamps you will need for a particular room should be calculated using special formulas. Ideally, illumination should be taken into account at the design stage of buildings and rooms. With proper planning, the lamps will provide enough light for a person to stay comfortably in a particular room.

Lighting design

The degree of illumination is standardized by certain legal acts that are part of SNiP (building codes and regulations), as well as SanPiN (sanitary norms and regulations). These documents at the regional level are supplemented by various acts and industry documentation. The documents for private houses and apartments provide recommended and minimum standards regarding illumination. They are indicated in Lux per m2. Note! In this documentation, 1 Lux is taken to be the lighting that is available in the tropics during a full moon. At the same time, 100 Watt incandescent lamps provide an illumination of 1350 Lux. It is necessary to calculate the required number of light bulbs for each room according to the regulatory documentation with minor adjustments, since only the minimum values ​​are given here.

Why should you install EcoLine?

To see the benefits of infrared heating, consider a real example:

The task is to heat a separate building with an area of ​​100 square meters. m., ceiling height 4.5 meters. The building has good insulation, one gate, the windows are double glazed with a total area of ​​5 sq. m. m. Required temperature during working hours from 10:00 to 18:00 20 degrees Celsius, during non-working hours 10 degrees Celsius. The building is located in the Moscow region.

From the thermal engineering calculation it is clear that for heating 100 sq. m. You will need to install three EcoLine heaters and spend 22,720 rubles on the purchase of equipment. There will also be small additional costs for installing a heating system and purchasing a thermostat, but they should not exceed 100% of the cost of the equipment. Agree, installing a gas boiler or laying central heating pipes with the installation of radiators in the room will cost much more.

The main point in the thermal calculation that you need to pay attention to is the annual heat consumption (kW). In our case it is equal to 19,048 kW

multiply by the cost of 1 kW/h, in our case equal to 4 rubles, divide by 12 months and we get that heating is 100 m2. m. will cost 6349.33 rubles/month. Agree, it's not that expensive! And if you take into account that maintaining the system requires virtually no annual costs. And if the room will not be used for some time, then the heaters can simply be turned off, unlike water heating, when you have to drain the water from the pipes.

Also, in case of moving or selling a premises, the EcoLine heating system can be easily dismantled, transported to a new location and installed, which cannot be said about water or gas heating.

The question may arise, why install EcoLine if you can install cheaper convective electric heaters of the same power? Yes, of course, you can go this route and save 20-30% on the cost of equipment on your initial purchase. But the very principle of heating a room with convective heaters involves heating the air, and as we know from a school physics course, warm air rises to the top, overheats, and only after many hours of operation of convective heaters does a person begin to feel warm. With infrared heaters everything is different. Infrared rays travel through the air space with virtually no loss and heat up solid objects and you and me, so within the heater’s coverage area, after just 10 minutes of operation, a person feels a comfortable warmth. The thermostat clearly responds to changes in room temperature and controls the operation of infrared heaters automatically. This leads to the most efficient operation of the heating system, eliminating unnecessary energy consumption. Therefore, EcoLine ceiling heaters are almost two times more economical to use compared to convective heaters. And simple calculations show that the cost of purchasing infrared heaters, compared to convective devices, pays off within two months.

Bottom line: we can definitely say that with heating 100 sq. m. EcoLine infrared heaters will cope in the best way, both at the level of initial costs and in subsequent maintenance.

Comfortable temperature in the apartment

The thermal energy standard directly depends on the comfortable temperature in the apartment. Let's look at the approximate values ​​at which the room will be warm:

1. In a living room, a comfortable temperature is considered to be 20-22 degrees.
2. The bathroom is 24-26 degrees.
3. In the toilet, the normal temperature is 19-21 degrees.
4. In the kitchen, it is optimal to maintain between 19 and 21 degrees.
5. The corridor has a comfortable temperature of 18-20 degrees.

In winter, if you feel discomfort in your apartment, it means that your house is heated less than necessary. In this case, you need to measure the temperature in each room. Worn-out city heating systems are to blame for the fact that your apartment is poorly heated, but this is not always the case. In any case, you need to contact the utility services and request a recalculation of payment for heat energy. In addition, you should resolve the issue of increasing the temperature in your apartment. Employees are required to come to you and measure your temperature; in case of deviations from the norms, they are obliged to take action.

Choosing an energy carrier based on ease of use

Comfortable operation of boiler equipment that supplies heat to water heating is an important factor, since any unnecessary hassle and inconvenience is your time and money. That is, total costs indirectly increase in accordance with how much effort is put into maintaining the operation of the system. In some cases, economical heating systems no longer seem so economical after the first season, and sometimes you want to pay extra money just not to deal with such problems.

Unlike financial indicators, ease of use is a constant value for each type of fuel, so it can be found out immediately, which will help you make a choice. We will evaluate convenience according to the following criteria:

• the difficulty of repairing or maintaining the boiler installation;
• necessity and convenience of storage;
• comfort in daily use (need for loading fuel, etc.).

To find out which energy carrier will provide comfortable and economical heating for a private home, we will draw up a second table, where for each of the criteria we will rate all types of fuel using a five-point system, and then summarize.

Service

Electric boilers do not require any maintenance, other than sometimes opening the lid and brushing off dust or cleaning the contacts, for which they receive the highest rating. Some actions are required if you heat a country house with liquefied gas. Once every 2 years it is recommended to check and, if necessary, clean the igniter and burner, which is why propane is a solid four. Pellet boilers receive 3 points because they require cleaning the combustion chamber several times a year and the chimney once.

Accordingly, wood and coal units need to be cleaned frequently as they become dirty. The worst situation in this regard is with diesel fuel, since its quality often leaves much to be desired, which is why the frequency of maintenance is unpredictable.

Warehousing

It is clear that electricity does not require storage space, while liquefied gas and diesel fuel may require some space. But when economical heating of a private house with wood is organized, then a lot of space for a warehouse will be required. The same goes for pellets, since they require a dry room or a special silo. As for coal, it produces a lot of waste, dust and dirt, so this is the lowest rating.

Ease of use

And here, economical electric heating turned out to be excellent, since it does not require any intervention during operation. Pellets and liquefied gas must be replenished periodically, 1-2 times a week, or even less often

You should pay attention to diesel fuel a little more often, more to supervise the work than to add fuel

Well, what traditionally causes the most trouble is autonomous heating in a private house using coal and wood; here, loading into the combustion chamber is needed from 1 to 3 times a day.

In the last column, by summing up, the results are summed up, according to which the most comfortable and convenient way is to heat a country house in winter using electricity. If this result is considered in conjunction with financial costs, then electricity may not be the worst option.

Heating standard value and calculations per 1 sq. m

The heating standard depends on the condition and design of the building and the climatic zone.
Heat consumption regulations are calculated in accordance with the conditions for high-quality service provision, which are prescribed in the legislation of the Russian Federation. The norms are changed in accordance with the prescribed legal procedure.

Cases for reform:

• reorganization of technical equipment and design of an apartment building, climate change, in which resource consumption in a residential building changes by 5% or more;
• modification of existing rules regarding the composition of heat consumption standards, methods and conditions for calculating cost indicators and expenses.

The company that supplies heat to the area submits settlement documents to local authorities with a strong justification for the new standards. Authorized services analyze the materials and make additional requests if necessary.

The city council holds a meeting to discuss, accept, or deny the organization's requests for performance improvements. Based on the resolution, a recalculation is made and changed tariffs are introduced for consumers.

The decision of the authorities is published within 10 days in local information media, indicating the date when the new standard for thermal energy consumption comes into force.

How to take ceiling heights into account when calculating

Since many private houses are being built according to individual projects, the methods for calculating boiler power given above will not be suitable. To make a fairly accurate calculation of a gas heating boiler, you need to use the formula: MK = Qt*Kzap. Where:

• MK – design power of the boiler, kW;
• Qt – predicted heat loss of the building, kW;
• Kzap is a safety factor that is 1.15 to 1.2, i.e. 15-20%, by which experts recommend increasing the design power of the boiler.

The main indicator in this formula is the predicted heat loss of the building. To find out their value, you need to use another formula: Qt = V*Pt*k/860. Where:

• V is the volume of the room, cubic meters;
• Рt - difference between external and internal temperatures in degrees Celsius;
• k is the dissipation coefficient, which depends on the thermal insulation of the building.

The dissipation coefficient varies depending on the type of building:

• For buildings without thermal insulation, which are simple structures made of wood or corrugated iron, the dissipation coefficient is 3.0-4.0.
• For structures with low thermal insulation, typical for buildings with single brickwork with ordinary windows and a roof, the dissipation coefficient is taken to be 2.0-2.9.
• For houses with an average level of thermal insulation, for example buildings with double brickwork, a standard roof and a small number of windows, take a dispersion coefficient of 1.0-1.9.
• For buildings with increased thermal insulation, well-insulated floors, roofs, walls and double-glazed windows, a dispersion coefficient of 0.6-0.9 is used.

For small buildings with good thermal insulation, the design power of heating equipment can be quite small. It may happen that there is simply no suitable gas boiler on the market with the required characteristics. In this case, you should purchase equipment whose power will be slightly higher than the calculated one. Automatic heating control systems will help smooth out the difference.

Some manufacturers have taken care of the convenience of customers and have placed special services on their Internet resources that make it possible to calculate the required boiler power without any problems. To do this, you need to enter the following data into the calculator program:

• temperature that must be maintained in the room;
• average temperature for the coldest week of the year;
• need for hot water supply;
• presence or absence of forced ventilation;
• number of floors in the house;
• ceiling height;
• information about floors;
• information about the thickness of external walls and the materials from which they are made;
• information about the length of each wall;
• information about the number of windows;
• description of the type of windows: number of cameras, glass thickness, etc.;
• dimensions of each window.

Once all the fields are filled in, you can find out the estimated power of the boiler. Options for detailed calculations of the power of boilers of various types are clearly presented in the table:

Third step: take into account the characteristics of the room to calculate brightness

When the ceilings are high, and you do not lower the chandelier to a level of 2.5–2.7 m, then to obtain a more accurate result, multiply the final calculations by the coefficient from the table.

Also remember that dark colors and matte textures of surfaces (walls, furniture) absorb light, which is why brighter light bulbs are required.

Large windows and white glossy surfaces will brighten the room.

If you have a large room - for example, 20 m² or more, and you find a chandelier that should illuminate 30 m², this does not mean that it will be enough. Why? Because we will get a bright spot in the center, but the edges of the room will remain dim.

Therefore, our recommendation is to expect that one chandelier illuminates 10–12 m². For other areas, additional sources are needed to help illuminate the room evenly - another chandelier, spotlights or pendant lamps, sconces, floor lamps.

If there is no desire or technical ability to use additional light sources, then we offer a solution that allows you to make the light uniform throughout the room by distributing the sources throughout the ceiling. The options are: spider chandeliers, track systems, spotlights. There is a nuance with spotlights. If they have a diffused flood light (usually LED), then the principle of light uniformity will work. If the spotlight is placed under light bulbs, the light will not be scattered throughout the room, but will illuminate only small areas underneath, which will make the lighting of the room slightly dappled.

Conclusion: if we consider ordinary chandeliers, then take them for 10–12 m², and if larger, add additional light sources.

Gas, firewood, coal, electricity, which is cheaper?

In the medium term, the cheapest fuel for the boiler is natural gas. To generate 30 kW, only 2.75 cubic meters of such fuel is sufficient (taking into account 91 percent efficiency and the calorific value of a cubic meter of fuel at 43,000 kJ). In 2015, one thousand cubic meters of gas in the European part of Russia cost about 5,000 rubles. As a result, “production” of 30 kW using a gas boiler costs no more than 13.75 rubles.

Heating with coal burned in the firebox of a solid fuel boiler will cost a little more. To generate 30 kW, 8 kilograms of coal are required (taking into account 80 percent efficiency and the calorific value of a kilogram of fuel at 17,000 kJ). In 2015, a ton of ordinary coal cost about 4,000 rubles. Generating 30 kW using a coal boiler will cost 32 rubles. But coal will have to be stored somewhere. And the delivery of such fuel is not cheap.

Heating a house with wood alone will cost much more. If you load dry wood into a solid fuel boiler with a calorific value of 14,000 kJ per kilogram of fuel, then to generate 30 kW, taking into account the 80 percent efficiency of the boiler, you will have to spend almost 10 kilograms of firewood. In 2015, the cost of a cube of firewood (650 kilograms) delivered to your home in the form of a packaged woodpile reached 3,000 rubles. As a result, generating 30 kW using a wood-burning boiler will cost 46-47 rubles.

Electric boiler for a house of 200 sq.m. - this is a direct path to ruin, even taking into account the 99 percent efficiency of such a heating device. After all, the cost of a kilowatt with electric heating reaches 2.4 rubles. As a result, generating 30 kW will cost 73 rubles!

Popular models of gas boilers for a house with an area of ​​200 square meters. m.

Double-circuit gas boiler for a house of 200 sq.m. Compatible with programmable thermostats. This heating device is equipped with a 10-liter hydraulic accumulator, a three-way valve and its own pressure unit - a three-speed pump.

Other characteristics of the model:

Turbocharged gas boiler with heat exchanger for heating hot water. In the body of this model there was room for a pump, an expansion tank, and even a bypass. The burner and heat exchangers of the boiler are made of stainless steel.

Wall-mounted chimney gas boiler, equipped with a hot water supply circuit and a 60-liter boiler. The pressure unit of this boiler consists of two units - one pump serves the heating system, the second - the hot water supply system.

Other characteristics of the boiler:

Solid fuel boilers for a home with a capacity of 200 square meters - an overview of popular models

Single-circuit solid fuel boiler for a house of 200 sq.m. with the ability to connect a heat accumulator and an indirect hot water heating circuit. The boiler uses the energy of wood and coal. Moreover, a full load of firewood burns for at least 2 hours, and coal will last twice as long – up to 4 hours.

• Thermal power - 32 kW with coal or 29 kW with wood.
• The capacity of the heat accumulator is up to 1350 liters.
• Control – mechanical (traction adjustment using the throttle valve).
• Cost – up to 60 thousand rubles.

Pellet boiler for a house of 200 sq.m. with the ability to connect to a hot water supply system. In addition, this heating device is equipped with a hopper with automatic supply of granulated wood (pellets) or fine coal. The capacity of the bunker is enough for 3 days of work.

Other characteristics of the boiler:

• Thermal power – 30 kW.
• The daily consumption of pellets is up to 72 kilograms.
• The recommended volume of coolant in the system is up to 150 liters.
• Cost – up to 145 thousand rubles.

Adjustment taking into account temperature conditions

The technical data sheet of the heating device indicates the maximum power. For example, if the water temperature in the heating pipe is 90°C during supply and 70°C in return mode, the apartment will be +20°C. Such parameters are usually designated as follows: 90/70/20, but the most common capacities in modern apartments are 75/65/20 and 55/45/20.

Heating system coolant parameters.

To make a correct calculation, you must first calculate the temperature difference - this is the difference between the temperature of the battery itself and the air in the apartment. Please note that for calculations the average value between the flow and return temperatures is taken.

How to calculate the number of sections of aluminum radiators taking into account the above parameters? For a better understanding of the issue, calculations will be made for aluminum batteries in two modes: high temperature and low temperature (calculation for standard models with a height of 50 cm). The room dimensions are the same - 16 square meters.

One section of an aluminum radiator in 90/70/20 mode heats 2 square meters, therefore, to fully heat the room you will need 16m2/2m2 = 8 pieces. When calculating the battery size for the 55/45/20 mode, you first need to calculate the temperature difference. So, the formulas for both systems:

• 90/70/20 - (90+70)/2-20 = 60°C;
• 55/45/20 - (55+45)/2-20 = 30°C.

Calculating the number of sections in a heating radiator

Consequently, at low temperatures it is necessary to increase the size of heating devices by 2 times. Taking into account this example, on a room of 16 square meters. meters you need 16 aluminum sections. Please note that cast iron appliances will require 22 sections for the same room area and the same temperature systems. Such a battery will turn out to be too large and massive, so cast iron is least suitable for low-temperature structures.

Using this formula, you can easily calculate how many radiator sections are needed per room, taking into account the desired temperature regime. To keep your apartment at +25°C in winter, simply change the temperature data in the thermal pressure formula, and substitute the resulting coefficient into the formula for calculating the size of the batteries. Let's say, with parameters 90/70/25, the coefficient will be as follows: (90+70)/2 - 25 = 55°C.

Next you need to calculate the ratio 60°C/55°C = 1.1. As a result, to achieve a temperature of +25 °C for a room with a high temperature regime, you will need 8 pieces * 1.1 = 8.8. With rounding this will be 9 pieces.

If you don’t want to waste time calculating heating radiators, you can use online calculators or special programs installed on your computer.