How to make biodiesel with your own hands at home

In recent decades, developed countries around the world have been paying more and more attention to replacing traditional diesel fuel with alternative, biological fuel. This fuel, called biodiesel, is obtained from the oils of various industrial (rapeseed) and natural (palm) crops using a relatively simple technology. It is not surprising that various craftsmen quickly picked up this idea and organized a small production of biodiesel at home for their personal needs. Let's figure out how vegetable oils are processed into fuel, and how you can set up this process at home.

How to make diesel fuel with your own hands

The raw materials used are vegetable or animal fats, which are a mixture of esters combined with glycerol trihydric alcohol molecules.
Biofuel (in this case, methyl ether) can be obtained by replacing the glycerin contained in the oil with alcohol. This process is called transesterification. From one ton of vegetable oil and 110 kg of methyl or ethyl alcohol in the presence of 12 kg of catalyst in the form of NaOH alkali, 970 kg of biodiesel and 150 kg of glycerin can be obtained. The latter substance is used in the production of soap and cosmetics.

During the manufacturing process, vegetable oil is heated to 50 ºС and thoroughly purified by repeated filtration to remove mechanical impurities or food residues. The alkali is combined with methanol and the methoxide formed as a result of the reaction is added to warm (to speed up the reaction) vegetable oil. The main volume of methyl alcohol is poured there.

The mixture is thoroughly mixed and allowed to stand for 4-8 hours at a temperature of 55 to 70 ºС. It is stratified into glycerin in the lower part, biodiesel (ether) in the upper part and a soap layer in the middle. The glycerin is drained through the lower hose, the soap layer is also removed, and the diesel fuel is thoroughly cleaned by washing with water, followed by drying (heated to 65 ºC).

What is good and what is bad about biodiesel?

It is considered a good fuel because it does not contain sulfur, and when burned, it emits much less air pollutants than its mineral counterpart (DF). It has excellent lubricating properties, which increases engine life. If it gets on the soil or in water bodies, it does not pose a danger - under natural conditions it decomposes in 28 days.

Biodiesel also has disadvantages:

1. High temperature of ultimate filterability. In some types of biodiesel, the formation of paraffin agglomerates begins already at +15 ºС, in others, for example, in those made from rapeseed oil, at several degrees of sub-zero temperature. Therefore, biodiesel can only be used in cold climates with a fuel heating device, which increases the cost of the car owner for the purchase and installation of the heater.
2. Biodiesel cannot be stored for more than 3 months.
3. The cost of industrial biodiesel is still high.

Why do you need to make diesel fuel yourself?

From the description of the process, it is obvious that fuel for diesel engines can be made by every technically competent person with his own hands. Complex equipment is not required; the business can be organized in the garage.

Is there any point in such home production? If raw materials are purchased at real retail prices, biodiesel will turn out to be much more expensive than diesel fuel purchased at a gas station. If the ingredients are obtained cheaply or completely free, then questions remain: are these efforts worth the result and is it justified to endanger yourself and others in a garage, private home or other place.

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Estimated markets

A large staff is not needed to service the installation; one operator is enough. For Russia, biodiesel production is a new industry that has just begun to develop.

Therefore, the predicted sales markets for such products are European countries where the use of biofuels is actively supported at the state level. In particular, countries such as Germany and Austria are currently interested in purchasing biodiesel from Russia. By 2022, the European Commission plans to double biodiesel consumption. So, it should be at least 10% of total gasoline consumption.

Home production

The first and one of the main problems is where to get enough raw materials. It’s good if you are a farmer and grow rapeseed or are the owner of a restaurant where waste vegetable fats remain. If you don’t have access to a source of inexpensive raw materials, then you won’t be able to make biodiesel with your own hands. It will be unprofitable to buy oils, especially considering the second problem - fuel quality.

To safely use home-produced biodiesel in any car or heating boiler, the quality of the product must be ensured. Otherwise, you will be faced with endless repairs and cleaning of your engines and boiler nozzles. And for this, the technology must be organized and verified at a high, and not artisanal level. In turn, this will lead to the same costs, whose payback is in question.

Old cars and tractors with unpretentious engines and fuel systems can put up with the low quality of biodiesel for a long time. The same applies to heating drip stoves and boilers with a Babbington burner, which are undemanding in terms of fuel quality. In this case, the simplest installation for the production of biodiesel is suitable; in other cases, the technology will have to be complicated. So, to assemble the installation you will need:

• 3 plastic containers, 2 of them large and one smaller;
• 5 ball valves;
• pipes and fittings (tees, elbows);
• electric heating element with thermostat;
• pump.

To master the production of biodiesel at home, you need to place the containers on metal stands with the neck down, and make closing holes on top for filling the components. You can also use metal barrels or homemade tanks made from large-diameter steel pipes. At the bottom of each vessel you need to attach a fitting, and screw a tap to it, then connect all the elements together with pipes, as shown in the figure:

The middle container will serve as a reactor where it is necessary to build a heating element. Oil is poured into another large tank, and methyl alcohol into a small one. First, caustic soda is added to methanol, which plays the role of a catalyst. Having opened the taps so that substances from the auxiliary containers enter the reactor, the pump and heating element are turned on, whose thermostat is set to a temperature of 60 °C.

In the video, Top Gear presenter Jeremy Clarkson explains and shows how to make biodiesel at home:

Prospects

As already noted, the production of such fuel is only growing. And although the raw material for this is vegetable oil, it is obtained in different places from different crops. In Europe - rapeseed, in Indonesia - palm oil, in America - soybeans, etc. However, the most promising is the production of biodiesel from algae. For their cultivation, both individual ponds and special bioreactors, as well as areas of the sea coast can be used. In addition, this not only increases fuel production, but also frees up land for growing food. Although biodiesel is made from vegetable oil and not sawdust, it is an excellent substitute for conventional diesel fuel. Especially in conditions of limited oil reserves. And besides, one cannot exclude such an advantage as the possibility of production at home. Despite the fact that in industrial production it is more expensive than diesel fuel, it is nevertheless an excellent alternative fuel for diesel engines.

Biodiesel from rapeseed

With the appropriate technology for growing rapeseed from 1 hectare of area, the resulting harvest yields 20 tons of green feed, 20 tons of green fertilizers, 3-3.5 tons of seeds, 13 quintals of oil, 16 quintals of cake (meal), 100 kg of honey, 500 kg of paper. Intended for the production of rapeseed oil of different varieties, it must have a moisture content of 5-7%, contamination of no more than 1%, erucic acid content of less than 2% and acid number of no more than 3. Violation of these requirements impairs the efficiency of squeezing and esterification, and may also cause a decrease in oil quality. This is influenced by the degree of seed maturity and storage conditions. From 3 tons of seeds with a moisture content of 7-8% you can get 1 ton of biodiesel, 1.9 tons of meal (with an oil content of 8-12%), and about 0.2 tons of glycerin.

According to the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, 54% of the rapeseed crop grown in 2004; 67% - in 2005; 78% - in 2006; 87% - 2007; 83% - 2008 exported to EU countries. Only a few farms produce biodiesel for their own needs, using mini-plants and research facilities, the productivity of which does not exceed 10 thousand tons of biofuel per year. The production and use of liquid biofuels on an industrial scale is practically absent in Ukraine. According to the Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine, such factories operate successfully in Lviv, Kherson, Odessa, Rivne, Vinnitsa, Donetsk, Ternopil and Poltava regions. The total capacity of the workshops is about 600 tons per day.

During the period July-April 2008-2009 MY, Ukraine exported 2630.08 tons of rapeseed. During the same period of 2009-2010 MY, it exported 1,757.76 tons of rapeseed to foreign markets. The largest importers of Ukrainian rapeseed are the countries of the European Union (EU-27). They import rapeseed as a feedstock for the biodiesel industry. In particular, during the period July-April 2010 MY, 469.32 thousand tons of rapeseed were exported to the Netherlands (27%), in Belgium - 346.01 thousand tons (20%), to France - 291.75 thousand tons (17 %), Poland - 134.46 thousand tons (8%).

Varieties and advantages

Today, there are 3 types of biofuels:

Liquid

This mainly includes wood (wood processing waste and fuel pellets, briquettes). The source for obtaining them is usually forests where grass, shrubs and trees grow.

Gaseous fuel

Includes biogas, hydrogen.

Also, biofuels can be classified by generation. There are biofuels of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th generations:

1. The 1st generation includes biofuels obtained by processing agricultural plants into biodiesel and ethanol.
2. 2nd generation – biofuel obtained from food waste.
3. The 3rd generation of biofuels includes biofuels obtained using introduced technologies as a result of the destruction of biomass.
4. The 4th generation of biofuel is produced on lands unsuitable for agriculture and without destruction of biomass.

How is biodiesel produced?

The raw material for this type of fuel can be any crop from which a large amount of vegetable oil is obtained. Most often these are rapeseed and soybeans; their processing gives the maximum yield of raw materials and, accordingly, the final product in the form of biodiesel.

Animal fats, which are waste from meat processing plants, tanneries and other enterprises, are also used. Burnt vegetable oils from restaurants and other catering establishments are also suitable.

It should be noted that biodiesel from oil of plant and animal origin is produced using relatively simple technology. The main stages of the technological process are as follows:

• coarse and fine purification of raw materials (oil) from the smallest impurities;
• mixing oil and methyl alcohol with the addition of an alkaline catalyst in a reactor. The proportions of raw materials and methanol are 9: 1, the catalyst is sodium or potassium hydroxide;
• heating to 60 °C and stirring at this temperature for approximately 2 hours. The stage is called esterification;
• the resulting substance settles in a separate container and is separated into 2 substances - the glycerol fraction and the biodiesel itself;
• substances are separated in a separator, after which the fuel undergoes heat treatment to evaporate water from it.

The technological equipment for the production of biodiesel is also not very complex and consists of several containers connected to each other by pipelines, as well as pumps - the main one and several metering ones. Since all stages are automated at enterprises, the reactor and other tanks are equipped with temperature and level sensors, and the pumps are controlled by a controller. All data about the ongoing process is displayed on the operator’s display.

Environmental impact

Surprisingly, this type of fuel is absolutely harmless to nature and its release into the environment does not cause any negative consequences for flora and fauna. The same cannot be said about oil and petroleum products. It is a well-known fact that just one liter of gasoline or fuel pollutes at least a million liters of water in the world's oceans and leads to the death of many living organisms and microorganisms. One of the most important properties of biodiesel fuel is its rapid decay period: within one month, microorganisms will destroy almost the entire volume of fuel. Thus, if river and sea modes of transport are switched to innovative fuel, the harmful consequences of accidents and diesel leaks can be minimized.

Emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere

The reduced amount of carbon dioxide emissions during combustion is a big plus of biodiesel fuel. According to the assurances of scientists who deal with these issues, the volume of CO2 emissions from the combustion of biodiesel does not exceed the volume of carbon dioxide processed by those plants that served as a source of raw materials for the production of fuel throughout their entire life cycle.

And yet emissions from fuel combustion do occur. That is why calling biodiesel an environmentally friendly fuel is not entirely correct. Although some believe that the volumes of carbon dioxide produced are so small that they can be neglected. This statement is highly controversial.

History of development

Transesterification of vegetable fats was carried out in 1853 by scientists E. Duffy and J. Patrick, long before the launch of the first diesel engine. On June 10, 1893, in Augsburg, Germany, Rudolf Diesel tested his first single-cylinder engine, which was 3 m long and weighed 4.5 tons. The engine exploded and nearly killed the inventor. In memory of the event, June 10 was proclaimed “International Biodiesel Day.” In 1900, at the World Exhibition in Paris, Diesel, demonstrating his engine, received the main award.

Diesel believed that the future for its engines was using biofuels. In 1912 he said "the use of vegetable fats for the production of fuel may seem unimportant now, but in the course of time such fats may become as important as the products of petroleum and coal tar are in our time."

During the 1970s, diesel engine manufacturers shifted their engines to use diesel fuel made from petroleum, which has a lower viscosity than vegetable fats. The oil industry was able to make inroads into the fuel market because producing fuel from oil was significantly cheaper than from biological raw materials. As a consequence, many years of decline in biofuel production. Only recently, amid environmental concerns and decreasing cost differentials, have biofuels such as biodiesel become a viable alternative.

Research into the use of transesterified sunflower oil and improving its quality to the standards of conventional diesel fuel began in South Africa in 1979. Until 1983, the research results were published. The technological process made it possible to produce biodiesel, the quality of which corresponded to the standards of conventional diesel fuel. An Australian company, Gaskoks, received the technology from South African researchers, and built the first pilot plant for biodiesel production in November 1987, and the first mass production plant in April 1989 (with the capacity to process 30,000 tons of rapeseed per year).

During the 's, factories were built in many European countries, in particular the Czech Republic, Germany and Sweden. France began its own production of biodiesel from rapeseed oil; 5% biodiesel is added to regular diesel fuel, and 30% to diesel fuel used by public transport. Experiments are ongoing using 50% biodiesel. Meanwhile, countries around the world are beginning to develop their own production: in 1998, the Austrian Biodiesel Institute identified 21 countries with commercial biodiesel production projects.

In September, Minnesota became the first US state to have a legislative requirement that allows the sale of only diesel fuel containing at least 2% biodiesel.

Properties

Biofuels have truly amazing properties. Thus, ordinary table salt is 10 times more toxic compared to biodiesel.

It should also be noted that biofuel has an extremely high ignition temperature - 150 degrees versus 50 degrees Celsius for regular gasoline. This circumstance makes biodiesel much safer during transportation and storage.

When burning such fuel, no unpleasant odors are formed. Instead of the usual stench, you can feel the pleasant aroma of overseas plants.

The use of biodiesel does not impair the performance of the power unit: power and torque do not change. At the same time, the useful life of the internal combustion engine also increases.

Installation quality criteria

It is extremely difficult to assemble a high-quality, efficient and productive installation at home. For example, even if we take into account such a criterion as the metal from which the electrode plates or tubes are made, there is already a risk of encountering problems.

The durability of electrodes depends on the type of metal and its properties. You can, of course, use the same stainless steel, but the lifespan of such elements will be short.

A kind of parody of electrode plates for a hydrogen generator. The plates are taken from a conventional variable capacitor, which are made of aluminum. Such electrodes will be enough for exactly half an hour of operation even as part of a small experimental system

Installation dimensions also play a significant role. Calculations with high accuracy are required in relation to the required power, water quality and other parameters.

So, if the gap between the working electrodes is outside the calculated value, the hydrogen generator may not function at all. In the worst case, the power for which the calculation was made will turn out to be several times less.

Even the cross-section of the wire connecting the electrodes to the power source is important in the design of a hydrogen generator. True, this concerns the safe operation of the device. However, this design detail should also be taken into account in home installations.

Returning to the safe operation of the system, one should also not forget about the introduction of a so-called water seal into the design, which prevents the reverse movement of gas.

Despite a fairly impressive number of developments of homemade hydrogen generators, there is no really effective option yet. All models are inferior to factory equipment

Flaws

The main disadvantage of biodiesel fuel is its high cost. So far, the price of petroleum products is clearly more competitive compared to this innovative product. Another significant drawback is the short shelf life of ready-to-use biofuel: if it is not used for its intended purpose within three months, the fuel will become unusable (decompose). And the final chord is the need to withdraw from circulation significant acreage suitable for growing food products. In conditions of food shortage on the planet, this circumstance is gradually becoming increasingly important.

Australia

The Fuel Standard (Biodiesel) Definition 2003 was signed by the Minister for the Environment and Heritage on 18 September 2006. The definition establishes the physical and chemical parameters of the biodiesel standard. It also establishes the appropriate test methods that the government will use to determine compliance.

Biodiesel subsidies are to be phased out by 2011 following the passage of the Fuel Tax Act 2006.

All metropolitan trains and most city buses in Adelaide (the capital of South Australia) run on B5 mixture. The South Australian government has said it will soon move to B20 or possibly higher grades.

Several councils (local governments) across Australia use the B20 (including Townsville City Council, Adelaide City Council, Sydney City Council and Newcastle City Council).

Types of fuel

Biofuel is produced mainly in Europe and America. But Brazil occupies the leading place in its production. All fuels produced in the world can be divided into several types:

• biodiesel;
• bioethanol;
• biogas.

The first type of fuel is made from vegetable oils. Biogas is a kind of replacement for conventional gas produced during the processing of waste and household waste. Biodiesel also contains ethanol and easily replaces regular gasoline.

Biodiesel is the best choice for a fireplace. For its production, vegetable oils of animal or microbial origin are used. The main composition of biofuel for fireplaces includes oils from:

• soy;
• palm trees;
• coconut;
• rapeseed

Almost any biofuel found can be represented by bioethanol. This ingredient is an alcohol that is formed during the fermentation and processing of carbohydrates. For this purpose, products that contain a lot of sugar and starch are used. Cellulose-containing raw materials can also be used. The finished liquid is colorless and should be odorless.

Use Cases

Such fuel can be poured into the car tank. At the same time, it is in no way inferior to a traditional diesel engine, and in some respects it even surpasses it. Many owners of cars and heavy equipment (trucks, combines, special equipment) cannot dare to take such a step. But according to numerous testimonies from drivers, biodiesel fuel does not harm the engine and does not contaminate the injection system.

Sometimes biodiesel is mixed in certain proportions with traditional fuels and poured into the vehicle tank. Such experience has not yet been well studied. But, judging by the reviews, this technique also has the right to life.

Generations

Types and generation of biofuels 

First generation biofuels

First generation biofuels are fuels produced from food crops grown on arable land. The plant's sugar, starch or oil is converted into biodiesel or ethanol using transesterification or yeast fermentation.

Second generation biofuels

Second generation biofuels are fuels made from lignocellulosic or woody biomass or agricultural residues/wastes. The raw materials used to produce fuel either grow on arable land but are a by-product of the main crop, or are grown on marginal lands. Second generation raw materials include straw, cake, perennial grasses, jatropha, waste vegetable oil, municipal solid waste and so on.

Third generation biofuels

Production of biofuel from microalgae

Microalgae are cultivated by various methods, such as photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, photoheterotrophic and mixotrophic, and then harvested by the loading method, in which the microalgae are separated from the suspension through flotation, flocculation or gravity sedimentation. Thickening is the second step used to concentrate the algal suspension after the filling process.

Algae can be grown in ponds or tanks on land or in the sea. Algal fuels have high yields, can be grown with minimal impact on freshwater resources, can be produced using salt water and wastewater, have a high flash point, are biodegradable, and are relatively environmentally friendly in the event of a spill. Production requires large amounts of energy and fertilizer, the fuel produced breaks down faster than other biofuels, and it does not flow well at low temperatures. By 2022, due to economic considerations, most efforts to produce algal fuels had been abandoned or transferred to other applications.

Fourth generation biofuels

This class of biofuels includes electrofuels and solar fuels. Electrofuels are produced by storing electrical energy in chemical bonds of liquids and gases. The main targets are butanol, biodiesel and hydrogen, but also include other alcohols and carbon-containing gases such as methane and butane. Solar fuel is a synthetic chemical fuel produced from solar energy. Light is converted into chemical energy, usually by the reduction of protons to hydrogen or carbon dioxide to organic compounds.

Shelf life and product stability

Regardless of the type, any fuel has an expiration date. This period is directly related to the chemical composition of the product and storage conditions. It is worth noting: the chemical stability of biologically pure diesel directly depends on the type of oil from which the product is obtained.

A product based on oils that naturally contain the antioxidant tocopherol, as well as vitamin E, remains suitable for use longer than a product obtained from other types of vegetable oils.

According to experts, the stability of a fuel product based on vegetable oils noticeably decreases after 10 days. Expires in two months. Temperature also affects the stability of the product, considering how critical temperatures can denature the fuel.

Specifications

Sulfur is considered a harmful impurity and serves as the main source of environmental pollution during combustion. The initial mineral hydrocarbon raw material (oil) for the production of traditional fuels contains quite a lot of phosphorus. This pollutant is removed by all available means. It should be said that modern technologies allow cleaning to be carried out very effectively. And everything would be fine. But it’s only when the concentration of phosphorus decreases that the antifriction properties of the substance drop sharply. Unlike conventional fuel, biodiesel does not require purification for phosphorus, since it is practically absent there. Biodiesel has a very good anti-friction effect when it comes into contact with friction surfaces.

A real case that was included in the Guinness Book of Records: a truck (long-haul truck) traveled significantly more than one million kilometers on biodiesel fuel with an engine from the manufacturer. It sounds fantastic, but it's true. The fact is that when using such fuel, the latter also performs the function of a fairy tale for the rubbing parts. This leads to product wear occurring much later

A significant increase in the useful life of products is an important direction for increasing the efficiency of economic activities of business entities

Advantages

The most important advantage is the use of renewable resources as feedstock, which in the future can ensure energy security for the entire world. Despite the rapid growth in popularity of electric vehicles, the internal combustion engine will play a decisive role in the global economy for a very long time. Yes, it is unlikely that large ocean-going ships will be able to switch to electric propulsion, even in the distant future.

Potential producers of biodiesel fuel in our country are farms and collective farms. After all, the supply of fuel to these subjects is an extremely pressing issue on the eve of the sowing campaigns. If farms are equipped with the necessary technological equipment and specialists are provided, they could well achieve self-sufficiency in fuel. This event would have a positive impact on the dynamics of price growth. As a result of this set of measures, the competitiveness of the enterprise will significantly increase.

An important feature of biodiesel fuel is that it is produced from plant materials. Moreover, the cultivation of these crops does not deplete the land, but has a positive effect on its fertility. Thus, peanut, rapeseed, mustard, rapeseed, soybean and other oils can be used to produce fuel. There are reports of attempts to produce biodiesel from animal fats. But it is not yet entirely clear how economically feasible this is.

Calculation of installation profitability

Cow dung is usually used as a raw material for biogas production. One adult cow can produce enough to provide 1.5 cubic meters. fuel; pig – 0.2 cubic meters; chicken or rabbit (depending on body weight) – 0.01-0.02 cubic meters. To understand whether this is a lot or a little, you can compare it with more familiar types of resources.

Image gallery Photos from Sometimes systems are installed in utility rooms. This is convenient from the point of view of inspections and maintenance, but unsafe, because... biomethane may explode

Therefore, special attention should be paid to safety issues

Transportation of raw materials is a separate issue that should be considered during the design of a biogas plant. For transportation around the site, it is better to use special equipment or trailers. If you need delivery over long distances, you should calculate the fuel costs and determine whether they will pay off

When purchasing containers for a biogas plant, and even more so when making them yourself, you will have to pay attention to their quality. Also, during the operation of the system, regular condition checks and repairs are required. A biogas plant can be a real salvation for a farm

It allows you to save on fuel for heating and/or lighting barns. This is also an excellent option for harmless waste disposal. However, in the first years one can hardly count on full return

A biogas plant can be a real salvation for a farm. It allows you to save on fuel for heating and/or lighting barns. This is also an excellent option for harmless waste disposal. However, in the first years one can hardly count on full return

Construction of a bioreactor made from an insulated plastic container

Convenient transport for transporting substrate

Compact plant for industrial production

Biogas plant on a dairy farm

1 cubic meter biogas provides the same amount of thermal energy as:

• firewood – 3.5 kg;
• coal – 1-2 kg;
• electricity – 9-10 kW/h.

If you know the approximate weight of agricultural waste that will be available over the coming years and the amount of energy required, you can calculate the profitability of a biogas plant.

One of the main disadvantages of biogas production is the smell. The ability to use small compost heaps is a big plus, but you will have to endure the inconvenience and carefully control the process so as not to provoke the spread of pathogens (+)

To put it into the bioreactor, a substrate is prepared, which includes several components in the following proportions:

• manure (best cow or pork) – 1.5 t;
• organic waste (this can be rotten leaves or other components of plant origin) – 3.5 t;
• water heated to 35 degrees (the amount of warm water is calculated so that its mass is 65-75% of the total amount of organic matter).

The calculation of the substrate was made for one laying for six months, based on moderate gas consumption. After about 10-15 days, the fermentation process will give the first results: gas will appear in small quantities and begin to fill the storage. After 30 days, you can expect full fuel production.

Equipment for the production of biogas is not yet particularly widespread in our country. This is largely due to poor awareness of people about the advantages and features of biogas systems. In China and India, many small farms are equipped with makeshift plants to produce additional clean fuel

If the installation is working correctly, the volume of biogas will gradually increase until the substrate rots. The performance of the structure directly depends on the rate of biomass fermentation, which in turn is related to the temperature and humidity of the substrate.