Formula for calculating Gcal for heating, general information about Gcal calculations

What is a unit of measurement called a gigacalorie? What does it have to do with traditional kilowatt-hours, in which thermal energy is calculated? What information do you need to have in order to correctly calculate Gcal for heating? Finally, what formula should be used during the calculation? This, as well as many other things, will be discussed in today’s article.

Calculation of Gcal for heating

1 What is Gcal?
2 What is all this for? 2.1 Multi-apartment buildings
2.2 Private houses

3 Heat meters

3.1 Vane meters

3.2 Devices with a difference recorder

4 How to calculate consumed thermal energy?

5 Other ways to determine the amount of heat

5.1 Video - How to calculate heating in a private house

What is Gcal?

A calorie is a certain amount of energy that is required to heat 1 gram of water to 1 degree.
This condition is met under atmospheric pressure conditions. For thermal energy calculations, a larger value is used - Gcal. A gigacalorie corresponds to 1 billion calories. This value began to be used in 1995 in accordance with the document of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy. In Russia, the average consumption per 1 sq.m. is 0.9342 Gcal per month. In each region, this value may change up or down depending on weather conditions.

What is a gigacalorie if it is converted into ordinary values?

1 Gigacalorie equals 1162.2 kilowatt-hours.
In order to heat 1 thousand tons of water to a temperature of +1 degree, 1 gigacalorie will be required.

What is Gcal?

We should start with a related definition. A calorie refers to the specific amount of energy required to heat one gram of water to one degree Celsius (at atmospheric pressure, of course). And due to the fact that from the point of view of heating costs, say, at home, one calorie is a tiny amount, gigacalories (or Gcal for short), corresponding to one billion calories, are used for calculations in most cases. We've decided on this, let's move on.

The use of this value is regulated by the relevant document of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy, published back in 1995.

Note! On average, the consumption standard in Russia per square meter is 0.0342 Gcal per month. Of course, this figure may vary for different regions, since everything depends on climatic conditions.

So, what is a gigacalorie if we “transform” it into values that are more familiar to us? See for yourself.

1. One gigacalorie is equal to approximately 1,162.2 kilowatt-hours.

2. One gigacalorie of energy is enough to heat a thousand tons of water to +1°C.

Gcal in apartment buildings

In apartment buildings, gigacalories are used in thermal calculations. If you know the exact amount of heat energy that remains in the house, you can calculate the bill for heating. For example, if a house does not have a communal or individual heating device installed, then you will have to pay for centralized heating based on the area of the heated room. If a heat meter is installed, then the wiring is horizontal, or serial, or collector. In this option, two risers are made in the apartment for the supply and return pipes, and the system inside the apartment is determined by the residents. Such schemes are used in new houses. That is why residents can independently regulate the consumption of thermal energy, making a choice between comfort and savings.

The adjustment is made as follows:

Due to the throttling of heating batteries, the passage of the heating device is limited, therefore, the temperature in it decreases and the consumption of thermal energy decreases.
Installation of a general thermostat on the return pipe. In this option, the flow rate of the working fluid is determined by the temperature in the apartment, and if it increases, then the flow rate decreases, and if it decreases, then the flow rate increases.

Will a heat meter in an apartment help you save on heating? Let's look at examples - "SGK Online"

Residents of different Siberian cities constantly contact our Customer Service Centers with the question: can I install a heat meter in my apartment and how much will I save on payments?

The interest of the townspeople is understandable. It would seem that if you control the consumption of a resource, then you can take more or less of it at will. This is exactly the case with hot water. But it turns out that with heat meters everything is not easy. Even installing a meter is a complicated procedure, we have already talked about this. Now let’s figure out whether it helps you save money?

The heat meter only looks like a hot water meter. Payment for it is calculated differently, and you will have to pay for heat in any case. There are two reasons for this.

Whether the apartment has a heat meter or not, to calculate heating fees, specialists will also take readings from the common building meter. Because even with the radiators shut off, the room in an apartment building consumes heat. It comes through the heating system risers passing through your apartment, as well as through walls and ceilings from neighbors. This is physics, you can't argue with it. So, whether you like it or not, your neighbors are warming you up, which means that payment for common house needs must be fairly divided. It will not be possible to not pay for heat at all if your house is connected to a heating system.
As soon as you have installed a heating meter in your apartment and notified the heat supply company about this, the amount of heat consumed for you will be calculated using special formulas. There are four of these formulas in total; they are stated in the “Rules for the Provision of Public Utilities” (Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354), which can be viewed on our website. In this case, we are interested in the formula for calculating the volume of heat (let’s denote it by the letter V), which in a very simplified version looks like this:

Formula for calculating the volume of heat in an apartment Download If you reported your meter readings correctly, but your neighbors got something wrong, then the final payment may unpleasantly surprise you.
The worst situation for the owner of a heat meter is when his neighbors also installed metering devices, completely shut off the radiators and report to resource officers about zero consumption. As a result, their housing takes away part of the heat intended for adjacent apartments, and they pay according to the meter for heating their apartment and partly the neighbor’s. It's very disappointing, in our opinion. Now let’s look at these situations using specific examples from Abakan.

In our house, everyone has meters, and since the house is new, the thermal insulation is good, almost all the radiators are blocked. But we still get bills. Why?

For the heat supply company, the readings of the collective meter are important; only it shows how much heat the house actually consumed. For example, a house in Abakan on Chertygasheva Street, 69. The house is new, all 100% of the apartments are equipped with heat meters, the total heated area is 5236 sq. m. m.

Gcal in private homes

If we talk about Gcal in a private house, then residents are primarily interested in the cost of heat energy for each type of fuel. Therefore, let’s look at some prices per 1 Gcal for various types of fuel:

Natural gas – 3300 rubles;
Liquefied gas – 520 rubles;
Coal – 550 rubles;
Pellets – 1800 rubles;
Diesel fuel – 3270 rubles;
Electricity – 4300 rubles.

The price may vary depending on the region, and it is also worth considering that the cost of fuel increases periodically.

This is the ratio of Kal and Gcal to each other.

1 Cal 1 hectoCal= 100 Cal 1 kiloCal (kcal)= 1000 Cal 1 megaCal (Mcal)= 1000 kcal = 1000000 Cal 1 gigaCal (Gcal)= 1000 Mcal = 1000000 kcal = 1000000000 Cal

When they say or write on receipts, Gcal - we are talking about how much heat was supplied to you or will be supplied for the entire period - this could be a day, a month, a year, a heating season, etc. When they say or write Gcal/hour, this means how much heat they will release to you and me in one hour. If the calculation is for a month, then we multiply these ill-fated Gcal by the number of hours per day (24 if there were no interruptions in heat supply) and days per month (for example, 30), but also when we actually received heat.

What is a Gigacalorie and how many calories are in it?

The concept of Gigacalories is most often found in documents in the field of thermal power engineering. This value can be found in receipts, notices, payments for heating and hot water.

It means the same thing as a calorie, but in a larger volume, as evidenced by the prefix “Giga”. Gcal determines that the original value has been multiplied by 109. In simple terms: 1 Gigacalorie contains 1 billion calories.

Like the calorie, the Gigacalorie does not belong to the metric system of physical quantities.

The table below shows an example comparison of values:

Console	Number of calories
kcal (kilocalorie)	1 000
Mcal (megacalorie)	1 000 000
Gcal (gigacalorie)	1 000 000 000

The need to use Gcal is due to the fact that when heating the volume of water needed for heating and household needs of the population, even 1 residential building releases a colossal amount of energy. Writing numbers denoting it in documents in calorie format is too long and inconvenient.

A value such as a gigacalorie can be found in payment documents for heating

You can imagine how much energy is spent during the heating season on an industrial scale: when heating 1 block, district, city, country.

General principles for performing Gcal calculations

Calculating kW for heating involves performing special calculations, the procedure of which is regulated by special regulations. Responsibility for them lies with utility organizations that are able to help with this work and give an answer regarding how to calculate Gcal for heating and the decoding of Gcal.

Of course, such a problem will be completely eliminated if there is a hot water meter in the living room, since it is in this device that there are already pre-set readings that display the heat received. By multiplying these results by the established tariff, it is possible to obtain the final parameter of the heat consumed.

How to calculate the heating payment for your apartment?

First you need to figure out how to calculate the payment for heating according to the standard in accordance with current legislation. There is a legal act on heating that was recently edited - No. 354 of May 6, 2011. There, the calculations of heating fees in high-rise buildings are regulated in detail.

Unlike previous editions, the method of charging money for services received, the forms of agreements for contractual obligations and payment samples have changed. In order to calculate payment for heat, tenants need to contact the management company to find out the type of arrangement of the building in which they live:

the presence of a general building meter for the consumed heat supply; it happens that there is none in residential premises;
together with general building meters, there are meters in the apartments of the owners;
There are no heat meters in the residential building.

After finding out these details, you can move on to finding out how the payment for the heating received is calculated. In addition, in accordance with Resolution 354, payments for heating are divided into two types:

For a separate apartment.
For general house needs.

The second type includes heat supply to entrances, attics and basements. In order to calculate the heating fee, you need to find out from the HOA the footage of these areas and the tariffs for maintaining the required degree of heat in them.

Similar information must be printed on payments sent to management companies so that the consumer pays after the fact. They must contain two points reflecting the final amount of payment. In practice, the rate of contributions for heating services in common areas is higher than in apartments. But when the total amount is divided across the entire residential building, the payment amount is reduced.

Since heating receipts reflect both residential and uninhabited premises, it is necessary that information about them be included in the signed agreement, for which you need to contact the management organization.

The procedure for calculating “heating unit”

Dear residents!
Please note that the accrual is made in accordance with the Rules for the provision of utility services to owners and users of premises in multi-apartment residential buildings, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2011 No. 354 (hereinafter referred to as the Rules).
ODN are general house needs.

According to clause

44 of these rules, the calculation of the amount of payment for utility services provided for common house needs in an apartment building equipped with common house metering devices is determined in accordance with formula No. 10 of Appendix No. 2 to the above Rules.

P = V * T
Where,
P is the amount of payment for utility services;
V is the volume of consumed service determined according to the readings of a common house meter;
T – utility tariff.
The volume of utility services provided for general house needs during the billing period is calculated and distributed among consumers in proportion to the size of the total area of residential or non-residential premises belonging to each consumer (in his use) in an apartment building in accordance with Formula 13, Appendix No. 2 to the above Rules ( a house with non-residential premises equipped with individual metering devices).
In accordance with this formula, ODN is distributed as follows:
ODN = (the volume of thermal energy determined by the readings of a common house appliance - the volume of thermal energy determined by individual heat metering devices - the volume of thermal energy calculated according to the standard and multiplied by the area for those premises that do not have devices) * area of a specific room / amount areas of all residential and non-residential premises in the house.
For example, in January 2013, the readings of a common house meter installed on the house amounted to 713 Gcal;
The volume of thermal energy according to individual devices was = 47.72 Gcal;
The volume of thermal energy determined according to the standard for those premises that do not have appliances = 341.6637 Gcal;
The area of all residential and non-residential premises in the house = 24745.4 m2.
The area of your apartment is 47.50 m2.
Thus, the value for your apartment was = (713-47.72-341.6637)*47.5/24745.4 = 0.621197 Gcal

0.621197*1031.84 rub.= 640.98 rub.

The volume of utility services provided for general house needs during the billing period is calculated and distributed among consumers in proportion to the size of the total area of residential or non-residential premises in an apartment building belonging to each consumer (in his use) in accordance with Formula 14, Appendix No. 2 to the above Rules.
In accordance with this formula, ODN is distributed as follows:
ODN = (the amount of thermal energy determined from the readings of a common house appliance * (1 - the sum of the areas of all residential and non-residential premises in the house / area of the house) * the area of a specific room / the sum of the areas of all residential and non-residential premises in the house.
For example , in January 2013, the readings of a common house meter installed on the house amounted to 217 Gcal;
The area of all residential and non-residential premises in the house = 8918.85 m2.
House area = 12642 m2.
The area of your apartment is 56.30 m2.
Thus, the value for your apartment was = 217*(1-8918.85/12642)*56.3/8918.85 = 0.403417 Gcal

0.403417*1031.84 rub.= 416.26 rub.

Calculation of payment for central heating

Today there are no uniform standards according to which we pay for heating. Instead, there are only advisory price lists for heat supply for management companies that supply it to multi-storey residential buildings. Payment for heating is dependent on the heat meters installed in the apartments.

In addition, the final amount is influenced by the climate conditions in the area where the property owners live, as well as how worn out the utilities are and how the building is insulated to prevent heat loss.

If the efficiency of the heating system is low, fees for heating services will be higher all year round. In accordance with the current guidelines, heating bills in accordance with the law are calculated in the ways that are given below.

Sometimes it happens that in one residential building there can be several heating risers, so it will be very expensive to install metering devices on all of them. In such cases, it is necessary for heating to be calculated using a common house meter.

How to calculate the consumed thermal energy?

If for one reason or another there is no heat meter, then to calculate thermal energy you must use the following formula:

Let's look at what these symbols mean.

1. V denotes the amount of hot water consumed, which can be calculated either in cubic meters or in tons.

2. T1 is the temperature indicator of the hottest water (traditionally measured in the usual degrees Celsius). In this case, it is preferable to use exactly the temperature that is observed at a certain operating pressure. By the way, the indicator even has a special name - enthalpy. But if the required sensor is missing, then as a basis you can take the temperature regime that is extremely close to this enthalpy. In most cases, the average is approximately 60-65 degrees.

3. T2 in the above formula also denotes the temperature, but of cold water. Due to the fact that it is quite difficult to penetrate the main line with cold water, constant values are used as this value, which can change depending on the climatic conditions outside. So, in winter, when the heating season is in full swing, this figure is 5 degrees, and in the summer, when the heating is turned off, 15 degrees.

4. As for 1000, this is the standard coefficient used in the formula in order to obtain the result in gigacalories. It will be more accurate than if you used calories.

5. Finally, Q is the total amount of thermal energy.

As you can see, there is nothing complicated here, so we move on. If the heating circuit is of a closed type (and this is more convenient from an operational point of view), then the calculations must be made slightly differently. The formula that should be used for a building with a closed heating system should look like this:

Now, accordingly, to the decoding.

1. V1 indicates the flow rate of the working fluid in the supply pipeline (typically, not only water, but also steam can act as a source of thermal energy).

2. V2 is the flow rate of the working fluid in the return pipeline.

3. T is an indicator of the temperature of a cold liquid.

4. T1 – water temperature in the supply pipeline.

5. T2 – temperature indicator that is observed at the outlet.

6. And finally, Q is the same amount of thermal energy.

It is also worth noting that the calculation of Gcal for heating in this case depends on several notations:

thermal energy that entered the system (measured in calories);
temperature indicator during the removal of working fluid through the return pipeline.

Formulas

How to calculate Gcal for heating if there are meters on both lines for an open (with DHW) or closed (without DHW) system?

The calculation formula is Q=((V1*(T1-T))-(V2*(T2-T)))/1000.

In it:

Q is the required amount of thermal energy in gigacalories.
V1 and V2 - coolant flow through the supply and return in tons.

Useful: meters, for obvious reasons, show consumption in cubic meters, and not in tons. The actual mass of a cubic meter of hot technical water is slightly different from one ton; but the difference against the background of the meter errors is negligible, so you can safely use the meter readings in cubic meters.

T1 is the temperature at the entrance to the circuit (supply).
T2 is the temperature at the outlet of the circuit (return).
T is the temperature of cold water feeding the route to compensate for losses. During the heating season it is taken to be +5 C, outside the season - +15 C.
Dividing by 1000 is necessary precisely in order to get the result not in mega-calories, but in gigacalories. Otherwise, we would have to recalculate water consumption into thousands of tons.

So, with a meter flow rate of 52 m3 on the supply, 44 m3 on the return, supply temperatures of 95 C and return temperatures of 70 C, the house will remain ((52*(95-5))-(44*(70-5)))/ 1000=1.82 Gcal of heat.

Flow and temperature sensors are located on both lines.

Please note: water consumption is charged separately. We only consider the consumption of thermal energy.

What do the calculation instructions look like if you have only one meter - on the feed? Of course, it is assumed that we are talking about a closed system (without DHW).

The calculation formula is Q=V*(T1-T)/1000.

For example, with a water consumption of 52 m3 and a coolant temperature of 95 C, 52 * (95-5) / 1000 = 4.68 gigacalories will remain in the apartment supply. As is easy to see, such a calculation system is much less beneficial to the consumer.

An intermediate solution for closed systems is one flow sensor and two temperature sensors. The calculation is performed using the first formula; V1 is taken equal to V2.

How are Gcal calculated for hot water and heating?

Heating is calculated using formulas similar to the formulas for finding the value of Gcal/h.

An approximate formula for calculating payment for warm water in residential premises:

P i gv = Vi gv * T x gv + (V v cr * Vi gv / ∑ Vi gv * T v cr)

Values used:

P i gv – the required value;
V i gv – volume of hot water consumption for a certain time period;
T x gw – established tariff fee for hot water supply;
V v gv – the volume of energy expended by the company that heats it and supplies it to residential/non-residential premises;
∑ V i gw – the sum of warm water consumption in all rooms of the house in which the calculation is made;
T v gv – tariff payment for thermal energy.

This formula does not take into account the atmospheric pressure indicator, since it does not significantly affect the final desired value.

The formula is approximate and is not suitable for independent calculation without prior consultation. Before using it, you need to contact local utility services for clarification and adjustment - perhaps they use other parameters and formulas for calculation.

Calculating the size of the heating fee is very important, since often impressive amounts are not justified

The result of the calculations depends not only on the relative temperature values - it is directly influenced by the tariffs established by the government for the consumption of hot water supply and space heating.

The computational process is greatly simplified if you install a heating meter in an apartment, entrance or residential building.

It is worth considering that even the most accurate meters can allow errors in calculations. It can also be determined by the formula:

E = 100 *((V1 – V2)/(V1 + V2))

The presented formula uses the following indicators:

E – error;
V1 – volume of hot water supply consumed upon receipt;
V2 – consumed hot water at the outlet;
100 is an auxiliary coefficient that converts the result into percentages.

In accordance with the requirements, the average error of the calculation device is about 1%, and the maximum permissible is 2%.

How to pay for heat by meter: principle and calculation formulas

You can pay for thermal energy in different ways. The size of the fee depends not only on the number of batteries and the area of the apartment, but also on whether the apartment has heat meters. Let's figure out whether an individual heat meter is needed in an apartment building, where it is installed and how to take heat meter readings.

Why do you need a heating meter?

An individual metering device (hereinafter referred to as IMU) is necessary to take into account the amount of resource consumed in one apartment. Almost every apartment has meters for electricity, hot and cold water. This is the standard. But heat meters are not installed everywhere.

The current legislation does not contain rules obliging residents in apartment buildings to install IPU for heating. This is primarily due to the peculiarities of building houses.

The utility company is obliged to install a common house metering device (hereinafter referred to as UDPU), which takes into account the amount of thermal energy consumed in the entire house. But this rule does not apply to some older houses. Read a detailed article about installing a communal heat meter in an apartment building.

We list some features of installing the IPU on a battery:

Purchase, installation, as well as periodic repairs and verification are entirely at the expense of the apartment owner.
The technical possibility of installing IPU on batteries does not exist in every apartment. For example, in old houses, in which the heating system has horizontal wiring, you will have to install the device on almost every pipe in the apartment. This is difficult, costly, and most often not economically feasible. And the utility company is unlikely to coordinate the receipt of information about the amount of resource consumed from different metering devices.
Not all resource supply companies are ready to accept and maintain heating accounting according to IPU. This is especially true for older houses. Before installing meters on the battery, this issue must be agreed upon with the resource supplier.

How to take readings from the heat IPU

Before taking readings from the heat meter, read the instructions for the device. Readings are taken differently in different models. Usually, to do this you need to dial a combination (sequence) of buttons.

Readings from the heat meter are taken by reading data from the monitor. But in addition to the necessary data, the display can contain information about the power and the temperature of the supplied heat.

This information is not taken into account when calculating the heating fee.

Typically, a heat meter shows consumption in a similar way to water meters. We need numbers to the decimal point. There is no need to write numbers after the decimal point.

The unit of measurement is gigacalories (Gcal); it is in these units that heat consumption for payment is measured.

Every month on the same date, agreed upon with the resource supply company, you need to look at the numbers on the meter and report them.

Usually the fee is calculated based on the difference in the readings taken, that is, how much was consumed - what was paid for. But not in the case of calculating heating fees. Here, when calculating the fee, complex formulas will be used that take into account several indicators at once.

Laws on heat meters

List of regulations governing payment for heating by meter in an apartment building from 2022:

The Housing Code of the Russian Federation, which sets out the initial provisions for the maintenance and payment of housing and communal services.
Federal Law No. 190-FZ dated July 27, 2010, regulating the procedure for the production and transfer of heat, as well as all other relations arising in this area.

Other ways to determine the amount of heat

Let us add that there are also other methods by which you can calculate the amount of heat that enters the heating system. In this case, the formula is not only slightly different from those given below, but also has several variations.

As for the values of the variables, they are the same as in the previous paragraph of this article. Based on all this, we can confidently conclude that it is quite possible to calculate the heat for heating on your own. However, one should not forget about consulting with specialized organizations that are responsible for providing housing with heat, since their methods and principles of calculations may differ, significantly, and the procedure may consist of a different set of measures.

If you intend to equip a “warm floor” system, then prepare for the fact that the calculation process will be more complex, since it takes into account not only the characteristics of the heating circuit, but also the characteristics of the electrical network, which, in fact, will heat the floor. Moreover, the organizations that install this kind of equipment will also be different.

Note! People often encounter the problem of converting calories into kilowatts, which is explained by the use of a unit of measurement in many specialized manuals, which is called “C” in the international system. >

In such cases, it is necessary to remember that the coefficient due to which kilocalories will be converted into kilowatts is equal to 850. In simpler terms, one kilowatt is 850 kilocalories. This calculation option is simpler than those given above, since the value in gigacalories can be determined in a few seconds, since a Gcal, as noted earlier, is a million calories.

In order to avoid possible mistakes, we should not forget that almost all modern heat meters operate with some error, albeit within acceptable limits. This error can also be calculated by hand, for which you need to use the following formula:

Traditionally, now we find out what each of these variable values means.

1. V1 is the flow rate of the working fluid in the supply pipeline.

2. V2 – a similar indicator, but in the return pipeline.

3. 100 is the number by which the value is converted to a percentage.

4. Finally, E is the error of the accounting device.

According to operational requirements and standards, the maximum permissible error should not exceed 2 percent, although in most meters it is somewhere around 1 percent.

As a result, we note that a correctly calculated Gcal for heating can significantly save money spent on heating the room. At first glance, this procedure is quite complicated, but - and you have seen this personally - if you have good instructions, there is nothing difficult about it.

Option 3

We have one last option left, during which we will consider the situation when the house does not have a heat meter. The calculation, as in previous cases, will be carried out according to two categories (thermal energy consumption per apartment and ADN).

We will calculate the amount for heating using formulas No. 1 and No. 2 (rules on the procedure for calculating thermal energy, taking into account the readings of individual metering devices or according to established standards for residential premises in Gcal).

Calculation 1

Formula No. 1: 1.3 x 1,400 = 1,820 rubles, where:

1.3 Gcal – individual meter readings;
1,400 rub. – approved tariff.

Formula No. 2: 0.025 x 70 x 1,400 = 2,450 rubles, where:

0.025 Gcal – standard indicator of heat consumption per 1 m² of living space;
70 m² – total area of the apartment;
1,400 rub. – approved tariff.

As in the second option, the payment will depend on whether your home is equipped with an individual heat meter. Now it is necessary to find out the amount of heat energy that was spent on general house needs, and this must be done according to formula No. 15 (volume of services for one-room service) and No. 10 (amount for heating).

Why do housing and communal services overestimate the amount of energy spent when paying for heating?

When making your own calculations, it is worth noting that housing and communal services slightly overestimate the standards for thermal energy consumption. The idea that they are trying to earn extra money from this is wrong. After all, the cost of 1 Gcal already includes maintenance, salaries, taxes, and additional profit. This “surcharge” is due to the fact that when hot liquid is transported through a pipeline in the cold season, it tends to cool down, that is, inevitable heat loss occurs.

In numbers it looks like this. According to regulations, the temperature of water in heating pipes must be at least +55 °C. And if we take into account that the minimum temperature of water in power systems is +5 °C, then it must be heated by 50 degrees. It turns out that 0.05 Gcal is used for each cubic meter. However, in order to compensate for heat loss, this coefficient is inflated to 0.059 Gcal.

Option 2

Now we will calculate payments in conditions where the house is equipped with a common heating meter, and some of the apartments are also equipped with individual meters. As in the previous case, the calculation will be carried out according to two positions (thermal energy consumption for housing and ODN).

We will need formula No. 1 and No. 2 (accrual rules according to controller readings or taking into account heat consumption standards for residential premises in Gcal). Calculations will be carried out relative to the area of the residential building and apartment from the previous version.

Calculation 1

Formula No. 1: 1.3 x 1,400 = 1,820 rubles, where:

1.3 gigacalories – individual meter readings;
RUR 1,1820 – approved tariff.

Formula No. 2: 0.025 x 70 x 1,400 = 2,450 rubles, where:

0.025 Gcal – standard indicator of heat consumption per 1 m² of area in an apartment;
70 m² – square footage of the apartment;
1,400 rub. – tariff for thermal energy.

As it becomes clear, with this option, the payment amount will depend on the availability of a metering device in your apartment.

Next, we calculate the second component of our payment (ODN) using two formulas - No. 13 (volume of service) and No. 10 (heating cost).

Calculation 2

Formula No. 13: (300 – 12 – 7,000 x 0.025 – 9 – 30) x 75 / 8,000 = 1.425 gcal, where:

300 gcal – readings of the common house meter;
12 Gcal – the amount of thermal energy used to heat non-residential premises;
6,000 m² – the sum of the area of all residential premises;
0.025 – standard (heat energy consumption for apartments);
9 Gcal – the sum of indicators from the meters of all apartments that are equipped with metering devices;
35 Gcal – the amount of heat spent on supplying hot water in the absence of a centralized supply;
70 m² – apartment area;
8,000 m² – total area (all residential and non-residential premises in the house).

Please note that this option includes only the actual volumes of energy consumed and if your house is equipped with a centralized hot water supply, then the amount of heat spent on hot water supply needs is not taken into account. The same applies to non-residential premises: if they are not in the house, then they will not be included in the calculation.

Next comes the calculation of the payment for heating by multiplying the volume of heat by the tariff according to formula No. 10: 1.425 x 1,400 = 1,995 rubles, where:

1.425 gcal – amount of heat (AT);
1,400 rub. – approved tariff.

As a result of the calculations, we found out that the full payment for heating will be:

1820 + 1995 = 3,815 rubles. - with an individual counter.
2,450 + 1995 = 4,445 rubles. - without an individual device.

Convert Gcal to kW/hour

Thermal energy can be measured in various units, but in official documentation from housing and communal services it is calculated in Gcal. Therefore, it is worth knowing how to convert other units to gigacalories.

The easiest way to do this is when the relationships between these quantities are known. For example, it is worth considering watts (W), in which the energy output of most boilers or heaters is measured.

Before considering the conversion to this Gcal value, it is worth remembering that, like a calorie, a watt is small. Therefore, kW (1 kilowatt equals 1000 watts) or mW (1 megawatt equals 1000,000 watts) are more often used.

In addition, it is important to remember that power is measured in W (kW, mW), but kW/h (kilowatt-hours) is used to calculate the amount of electricity consumed/produced. In this regard, it is not the conversion of gigacalories to kilowatts that is considered, but the conversion of Gcal to kWh.

How to do this? In order not to suffer with formulas, it is worth remembering the “magic” number 1163. This is exactly how many kilowatts of energy must be spent in an hour to get one gigacalorie. In practice, when converting from one unit of measurement to another, you simply need to multiply the number of Gcal by 1163.

For example, let's convert into kW/hour 0.05 Gcal required to heat one cubic meter of water by 50 °C. It turns out: 0.05 x 1163 = 58.15 kW/hour. These calculations will especially help those who are thinking about changing gas heating to more environmentally friendly and economical electric heating.

If we are talking about huge volumes, we can convert it not into kilowatts, but into megawatts. In this case, you need to multiply not by 1163, but by 1.163, since 1 mW = 1000 kW. Or simply divide the result obtained in kilowatts by a thousand.

Metering devices for houses and apartments

A special device allows you to accurately calculate tariffs for water supply, electricity, gas and heat. Users are allowed to install a heat meter to record heat energy consumption. The device measures in Gcal/h, kW/h and kJ/h. Popular today.

Vane meters

The vane meter operates effectively at temperatures below 22 degrees.
The meter has the form of a mechanism with a perpendicular axis of rotation. The model is characterized by low sensitivity, which allows you to accurately measure heat costs. The regulators are suitable for rooms with good thermal insulation and temperatures of +26 degrees. The vane device, when adjusting the temperature up to +22 degrees, counts a minimum of Gcal.

Advantages:

inexpensive cost;
power supply from batteries;
ease of use;
accuracy of measurements.

Minuses:

risk of breakdowns due to water hammer;
rapid wear of the mechanism;
increased pressure in the system;
When the impeller jams, the water flow is not allowed to pass through.

Vane-type devices are suitable for taking readings when a small volume of water is used.

Devices with jump recorders

Electronic devices are more expensive, but they count gigacalories more accurately.
The pulse device takes readings remotely from 2-16 channels, so it is suitable for a private or apartment building. Data recording and transmission is carried out on an LCD monitor, via a plug-in interface, to a laptop or computer using a network cable, or via a GSM network.

The scenario for which readings need to be measured is specified by the user. Ultrasonic devices can be connected to the water and gas supply system, are part of the ASKUE system, or can be combined with the “smart home” system.

Advantages:

many options for public and private measurements;
possibility of integration into several accounting systems;
strength due to the absence of moving parts;
beautiful appearance and compactness;
protection from dust and moisture – the meter can be placed in the kitchen or outdoors;
durable body;
self-diagnosis functions for problems;
extensive communication;
execution with or without a removable computing unit;
the period between inspections is 6 years, between replacements is 10 years.

Minuses:

high price;
communication capabilities depend on the specifics of the output;
costs for the purchase of flow meters, pressure sensors, remote control modules for basic equipment.

For outdoor use, models with difference recorders with a moisture protection level of IP 68 are suitable.

How to calculate Gcal for heating an apartment

Calculation formula: how is the payment for heating in an apartment calculated?

Everyone should know how the payment for heating in an apartment is calculated. This information will help you understand what is included in the price. Moreover, its formation occurs on the basis of certain documents.

Important Calculations

How is heating in an apartment calculated? The corresponding government decree approves the procedure for payments and submission of documents. There is a certain procedure for providing utility services to owners of apartments and residential buildings. Another resolution approved the rules for providing similar services to all citizens of the Russian Federation.

When faced with the question of how to calculate the heating fee, you must be guided by the rules adopted initially and in a later version. Although only the latest version for 2011 should be used, the period associated with the transition to it continues. Local government authorities at the regional level determine the list of required documents that must be followed.

How to calculate payment for heating according to the rules established by Resolution No. 354? The provided procedure determines the collection of payments not for the entire year, but only for the heating period. If the subject’s place of residence is the Moscow region, and charges for heat are made only during the period from October to May, then you can safely be guided by the information provided. If the number of months is different, you must follow the rules established by Resolution No. 307.

Payments only during heating seasons makes the calculation process much simpler and more convenient. This is a significant achievement and a plus for residents. In practice, it becomes clear that the heating fee established at a later period for residential premises is slightly higher than the amount accepted earlier. This is due to the fact that payments were divided over all 12 months. In most cases this leads to inconvenience.

How is the payment for heat in apartments calculated? The calculation algorithm is influenced by a number of factors. Among them are:

the presence of one meter in residential premises (apartment buildings);
the presence of heat meters in every apartment and non-residential premises;
the presence of distributors (they should be in half of the non-residential and residential premises of an apartment building).

Calculation formula

According to the rules, if heat is metered using a common household appliance, it will be possible to calculate the fee based on the established parameters. The standard for thermal energy consumption for heating may vary in each specific region of the country. It determines the number of gigacalories that are needed to heat the area for 30 calendar days.

The heating tariff is approved individually for each region by local authorities. We are talking about the cost of 1 Gcal for heating. An important parameter is the area of residential premises. It should be taken into account that the heated area of the room does not include a balcony or loggia.

The formula with which you can calculate the fee in the absence of an individual or communal meter involves multiplying the following values:

Heating standard.
The total area of a residential or non-residential premises.
Determined cost of energy consumed (thermal).

If you look at the calculation formula in more detail, you need to multiply the number of gigacalories for heating the room by the price of 1 hl, and then multiply by the area of the apartment.

Calculation under other conditions

To calculate the payment for energy in the absence of meters in an apartment building, but in the presence of a common house appliance, you must follow the calculation procedure given below. Payment according to the described procedure is charged exclusively in those buildings where there are no meters in absolutely all apartments and non-residential premises.

The formula used involves first calculating the ratio of the total area of individual residential premises to the total area of residential premises. Next, the resulting value must be multiplied by the cost of thermal energy and by the number of gigacalories that were consumed during the estimated period of time. The amount of energy expended is determined based on the readings of a common household appliance.

If not all apartments are equipped with meters, but, for example, only 95%, the above algorithm can be used for calculation.

Payment for heat according to it in a simplified version is carried out using the total amount of thermal energy used in the house. The share of each apartment must be calculated. The resulting volume of heat consumed must be multiplied by the current tariff suitable for a particular region.

Counters of different types

Calculation of heating fees has some peculiarities if a multi-storey building has a common measuring device and separate meters for measuring the amount of heat in all apartments (this applies not only to residential premises). The main thing is to clarify the availability of metering devices in all apartments.

In the case under consideration, the formula includes the following indicators. They take the volume of heat used in a specific facility (applies to residential and non-residential premises). It is determined on the basis of indicators taken from individual or general meters related to the apartment metering device. The amount of communal resource is determined, thanks to which the general house needs are satisfied. At the same time, they are equipped with collective devices that make it possible to accurately take into account the consumed thermal energy.

The total area of the building, which contains many apartments belonging to residential or non-residential real estate, is taken into account, as well as the total area in a separate individual object located in this multi-apartment building. Be sure to take into account the cost of heat for each region.

The payment can be made if the following calculations are made: the area of the apartment is divided by the area of the house and multiplied by the amount of energy provided for the total needs of the entire building with apartments. Then sum it up with the amount of energy consumed in the first room. In the last step, you need to multiply the resulting figure by the active tariff.

The essence of this payment option is that the amount of heat consumed by residents of one apartment increases by the part of the heat spent for general house needs.

If the final number is higher than the amount paid in advance, it will be counted toward the payment the person plans to make. If you get a smaller value, you will need to pay extra. The action is carried out on the basis of corrective mechanisms.

With distributors

What to do if distributors are installed? These are sensors that are installed on the batteries from the outside. They take into account the amount of heat given off by the batteries to the external environment. This device is similar to a meter, but it functions differently.

If you follow the rules for the provision of public utility services, you need to take into account that government decree No. 354 has a certain norm. Accounting for housing and communal services determines the use of distributor readings in the calculation process.

A multi-storey building must have a common building metering device intended for collective purposes. It is important that the installation of distributors be carried out in such a number of apartments, which together constitute more than half of all residential and non-residential premises.

If these requirements are met, once a year (if residents decide, then more often), payment for thermal energy based on distribution devices will be adjusted taking into account sensor readings.

The calculation formulas contain the following indicators:

Payment for heating in a specific room equipped with a sensor for a time period subject to adjustment.
The number of apartments and non-residential premises in one multi-apartment building that are equipped with special measuring devices.
The total number of distributors that are located in one room of a residential property.
The part of the consumed service relating to thermal energy that is accounted for by a separate distributor. This share is taken into account in the amount of heat consumed in each room equipped with sensors.

Early ruling

According to document No. 307, payment rules apply subject to the presence of energy measuring instruments in a building with many apartments. Settlement manipulations are reduced to charging fees throughout the year.

The amount paid by residents for energy consumed may be adjusted.

The monthly amount for heating in different types of premises in multi-apartment buildings with distributors is calculated using a similar formula that is used for apartments with meters. It is enough to multiply the total area of a residential property by the amount of thermal energy consumed for the previous period (year). The resulting figure is multiplied by the tariff.

The payment amount is adjusted every year according to a certain formula. It takes into account the amount of payment for heat, which is taken from the building’s general metering equipment. The fee is taken into account according to the standard value in apartments that do not have a sensor. You need to know other indicators noted in the rules. For example, this is the share of payment amounts related to a specific measuring device.

Each person should not have any difficulties in the process of calculations. It is necessary to constantly monitor ongoing changes in the law to take into account tariff increases and other criteria.

If any difficulties arise, you can contact the appropriate authorized service at your place of residence.

see also

07/21/2016 Operating costs of an electric boiler
08/24/2016 Quick calculation of heat loss at home using an online calculator
07/26/2016 Formulas for calculating heat loss at home

Calculation of Gcal for heating

Calculation of Gcal for heating

What is Gcal?

The use of this value is regulated by the relevant document of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy, published back in 1995.

Note! On average, the consumption standard in Russia per square meter is 0.0342 Gcal per month. Of course, this figure may vary for different regions, since everything depends on climatic conditions.

So, what is a gigacalorie if we “transform” it into values that are more familiar to us? See for yourself.

1. One gigacalorie is equal to approximately 1,162.2 kilowatt-hours.

2. One gigacalorie of energy is enough to heat a thousand tons of water to +1°C.

What is all this for?

The problem should be considered from two points of view - from the point of view of apartment buildings and private ones. Let's start with the first ones.

Apartment buildings

There is nothing complicated here: gigacalories are used in thermal calculations. And if you know how much thermal energy remains in the house, then you can present the consumer with a specific bill. Let's give a small comparison: if centralized heating operates in the absence of a meter, then you have to pay according to the area of the heated room. If there is a heat meter, this in itself implies a horizontal wiring type (either collector or serial): two risers are brought into the apartment (for “return” and supply), and the intra-apartment system (more precisely, its configuration) is determined by the residents. This kind of scheme is used in new buildings, thanks to which people regulate the consumption of thermal energy, making a choice between savings and comfort.

Let's find out how this adjustment is carried out.

1. Installation of a general thermostat on the return line. In this case, the flow rate of the working fluid is determined by the temperature inside the apartment: if it decreases, the flow rate will accordingly increase, and if it increases, it will decrease.

2. Throttling of heating radiators. Thanks to the throttle, the passage of the heating device is limited, the temperature decreases, and therefore the consumption of thermal energy is reduced.

Private houses

We continue to talk about calculating Gcal for heating. Owners of country houses are interested, first of all, in the cost of a gigacalorie of thermal energy obtained from one or another type of fuel. The table below may help with this.

Table. Comparison of cost of 1 Gcal (including transport costs)

* - prices are approximate, since tariffs may differ depending on the region, moreover, they are constantly growing.

Heat meters

Now let’s find out what information is needed in order to calculate the heating. It's easy to guess what this information is.

1. Temperature of the working fluid at the outlet/inlet of a specific section of the pipeline.

2. The flow rate of the working fluid that passes through the heating devices.

Consumption is determined through the use of heat metering devices, that is, meters. These can be of two types, let’s get acquainted with them.

Vane meters

Such devices are intended not only for heating systems, but also for hot water supply. Their only difference from those meters that are used for cold water is the material from which the impeller is made - in this case it is more resistant to elevated temperatures.

As for the mechanism of operation, it is almost the same:

due to the circulation of the working fluid, the impeller begins to rotate;
the rotation of the impeller is transmitted to the accounting mechanism;
transmission is carried out without direct interaction, but with the help of a permanent magnet.

Despite the fact that the design of such meters is extremely simple, their response threshold is quite low, moreover, there is reliable protection against distortion of readings: the slightest attempts to slow down the impeller through an external magnetic field are stopped thanks to an antimagnetic screen.

Devices with a difference recorder

Such devices operate on the basis of Bernoulli's law, which states that the speed of a gas or liquid flow is inversely proportional to its static movement. But how does this hydrodynamic property apply to calculations of working fluid flow? It’s very simple - you just need to block its path with a retaining washer. In this case, the rate of pressure drop on this washer will be inversely proportional to the speed of the moving flow. And if the pressure is recorded by two sensors at once, then the flow can be easily determined, and in real time.

Note! The design of the meter implies the presence of electronics. The vast majority of such modern models provide not only dry information (temperature of the working fluid, its consumption), but also determines the actual use of thermal energy. The control module here is equipped with a port for connecting to a PC and can be configured manually.

Many readers will probably have a logical question: what to do if we are not talking about a closed heating system, but about an open one, in which selection for hot water supply is possible? How to calculate Gcal for heating in this case? The answer is quite obvious: here pressure sensors (as well as retaining washers) are installed simultaneously on both the supply and the “return”. And the difference in the flow rate of the working fluid will indicate the amount of heated water that was used for domestic needs.

How to calculate the consumed thermal energy?

If for one reason or another there is no heat meter, then to calculate thermal energy you must use the following formula:

Let's look at what these symbols mean.

1. V denotes the amount of hot water consumed, which can be calculated either in cubic meters or in tons.

4. As for 1000, this is the standard coefficient used in the formula in order to obtain the result in gigacalories. It will be more accurate than if you used calories.

5. Finally, Q is the total amount of thermal energy.

Now, accordingly, to the decoding.

1. V1 indicates the flow rate of the working fluid in the supply pipeline (typically, not only water, but also steam can act as a source of thermal energy).

2. V2 is the flow rate of the working fluid in the return pipeline.

3. T is an indicator of the temperature of a cold liquid.

4. T1 – water temperature in the supply pipeline.

5. T2 – temperature indicator that is observed at the outlet.

6. And finally, Q is the same amount of thermal energy.

It is also worth noting that the calculation of Gcal for heating in this case depends on several notations:

thermal energy that entered the system (measured in calories);
temperature indicator during the removal of working fluid through the return pipeline.

Other ways to determine the amount of heat

Traditionally, now we find out what each of these variable values means.

1. V1 is the flow rate of the working fluid in the supply pipeline.

2. V2 – a similar indicator, but in the return pipeline.

3. 100 is the number by which the value is converted to a percentage.

4. Finally, E is the error of the accounting device.

According to operational requirements and standards, the maximum permissible error should not exceed 2 percent, although in most meters it is somewhere around 1 percent.

That's all. We also recommend watching the thematic video below. Good luck in your work and, as usual, have a warm winter!

Video - How to calculate heating in a private house How to correctly calculate rent for heating

Most people try to accurately calculate their rent in order to always pay everything in accordance with real consumption, paying attention to various meters or average regional standards.

But at the same time, for heating there is a slightly different calculation system, which is not used when determining the amount of payment for utilities for consumed water, gas and other resources.

For this reason, many do not know how rent for heating is calculated.

Common parameters

In practice, it turns out that calculating the cost of heating is not such a simple procedure that you have to familiarize yourself with over a certain period of time. Current legislation provides for different options for making calculations depending on a number of factors, including the presence of a meter, time of year and many other parameters.

It is worth noting the fact that certain regions and local governments may establish their own rules for conducting calculations, which may supplement already adopted general legislative acts.

Thus, three main charging options can be distinguished:

there are no devices in the house that provide heat energy metering;
the calculation is carried out in accordance with the indicators of the heat meter installed to service a multi-storey building;
the calculation is carried out in accordance with the indicators of the heat meter installed in each individual apartment.

How is rent for heating calculated using the formula?

In accordance with the norms of the current legislation, if there is a common house meter that provides accounting of consumed heat, payment is calculated according to pre-established parameters.

The tariff at which payment for heating is calculated is approved by local authorities in each individual region, and provides for determining the price for each gigacalorie of heating. The fundamental factor in this case is the area of each room, but do not forget that this area does not include the balcony, and therefore does not need to be taken into account in the calculation process.

The formula with which you can calculate payment if the house does not have an individual or even a common house meter involves the use of several factors for determining the cost:

heating standard adopted by local legislation;
the total area of the premises (residential or non-residential - does not matter);
total cost of energy consumed.

If we talk in more detail about this calculation formula, then the total number of gigacalories required to fully heat the specified room is multiplied by the cost for each unit, and then the result is multiplied by the total area of the room.

It is worth noting that today the standard for thermal energy consumption is individual for most regions of our country, and in particular, the number of gigacalories required to ensure normal housing temperature for 30 calendar days

Information on when to pay rent. usually indicated on the receipt when calculating payments for the past month.

Whether the law provides for rent benefits for the unemployed, and how you can get them, find out in this article.

To calculate the payment for energy consumed in the presence of a common building meter, a more detailed formula is used, but it only applies if none of the apartments has an individual meter to determine heat consumption.

The formula looks like this – V d * S i /S about * T t. where:

The total amount of energy consumed, as determined by the meter.

The tariff for thermal energy established by law.

This formula provides for calculating the ratio of the total area of individual housing to the complex area of all premises in the specified house. After this, the specified value is multiplied by the cost of thermal energy, as well as the number of gigacalories consumed by the building during a certain period of time. In this case, the total amount of energy expended is set in accordance with the meter readings.

Payment for heat according to such a meter in a simplified version is carried out in accordance with the total amount of heat energy used by this house, and this value should be calculated in accordance with the share of each apartment. The final volume of heat consumed is multiplied by the tariff in force in the specified region.

It also happens when different types of meters are used in several apartments, and in this case the volume of heat used by a specific room is taken, as a result of which the total amount of utility resources necessary to satisfy general house needs is determined. It is worth noting that they are equipped with collective devices, with the help of which an accurate accounting of the expended thermal energy is ensured.

After this, the total area of the house is taken, as well as the total area in each individual room that is located in this multi-apartment building. The tariff established for a given region must be taken into account.

Ultimately, the area of the apartment is divided by the total area of the house, and then multiplied by the amount of energy provided to provide heat to the entire building. Ultimately, the resulting value is summed up with the amount of energy consumed in the first room, and the resulting amount is already multiplied by the accepted tariffs.

Nuances of withdrawing the amount

If the apartment does not have any metering devices, then utility bills will be calculated in accordance with the indicators established by the state for each person or square meter. Thus, citizens will have to pay for utilities not in accordance with their consumption, but in accordance with the number of people who are officially registered in the specified living space.

If you wish, you can submit a written application in order to reduce your utility bills, but for this you need to have compelling reasons, as well as provide documented evidence of them.

In particular, these reasons include:

discrepancy between the quality of the services provided and what is specified in the agreement;
long break in the use of services;
lack of metering devices in a particular housing;
availability of the right to apply for all kinds of subsidies.

In order to recalculate the rent, the owner of the premises will have to go to the management company and provide there the appropriate application and all the necessary documents. After this, authorized persons will conduct a detailed check of the submitted application, and will also draw up a report on the violations found. Only after receiving this document can you expect that government services will make a decision to reduce the amount of payment.

Illustrative examples

The house has a communal meter, and not a single apartment is equipped with any individual metering devices. In this case, the calculation is carried out on the basis of the heating provided in a particular apartment, as well as the volume of thermal energy that was supplied to meet general house needs. The amount of payment in this case is calculated in accordance with formula No. 3 of the current rules.

The following indicators are taken as the basis for calculation:

the volume of thermal energy indicated on the common house meter shows 250 gigacalories (in order to determine the total volume of heating on this device, you will need to go to the management company or simply look at the already issued payment receipt);
the total area of the house, which includes the area of all located apartments, non-residential premises, such as offices, shops and other similar objects, as well as any premises included in the common property, which in this case is 7,000 m2;
the total area of the apartment for which consumption is calculated is 75 m2 (this parameter can be found in the appropriate certificate confirming ownership of the specified property, contract or technical passport);
The tariff for thermal energy in the specified region is 1,400 rubles per gigacalorie.

Thus, the total payment for the apartment is calculated using the following formula:

250 * 75/7000 * 1400 = 3750 rubles

After this, the second payment amount is calculated, which includes the amount of thermal energy provided to meet general house needs. In this case, to calculate the volume of heating required to meet general house needs, it will also be necessary to determine the total area of all residential and non-residential premises, which in this case will be 6,000 m2.

In this case, energy is calculated using the following formula:

250 * (1-6000/7000) * 75/6000 = 0.446428571 gigacalories;
0.446428571 * 1400 = 625 rubles.

Ultimately, the total payment amount is a combination of two payments, that is: 3750 + 625 = 4375 rubles.

Many people, in the process of calculating the cost of thermal energy, forget to calculate the energy consumed for general household needs, and therefore they gradually begin to accumulate debt, which can ultimately result in extremely unpleasant consequences.

It is possible to sell an apartment with rent arrears, but you should be prepared to be required to collect a number of additional documents.

How legal is the requirement to recalculate rent in case of suspected incorrect application of tariffs, read here.

You can find out who pays the rent in a rental agreement for an apartment here.

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How to calculate how many gigalories per cubic meter. meter as an example

Measures of energy and volume are different quantities. Simple calculations will help you compare them.

Example: The coolant temperature in an apartment building should be at least 55 ⁰C, the cold water temperature should be approximately 5 ⁰C.

To heat a cubic meter you will need:

(55-5)×0.001=0.05 Gcal.

Heat losses due to imperfect thermal insulation are inevitable; losses of 20% are included in the calculations. This means that actually heating will require 0.06 Gcal.

This ratio allows the heat meter to determine the consumption of heated water.

Example: in a 100-apartment residential building, the heat meter showed 150 Gcal in the summer, when only coolant for domestic needs is consumed. In 20 apartments, hot water consumption is determined by individual meters; the total consumption for these apartments was 400 m³.

The whole house consumes: 150÷0.06=2500 m³. This means that the remaining apartments account for: 2500-400 = 2100 m³. Next, 2100 m³ is divided by the actual number of residents.

This technique allows you to convert thermal energy values into volumetric coolant flow rates and vice versa.

In houses with an open heating system, the difference in water meter readings on the supply and return pipes will indicate the amount of coolant consumed for heating and, after recalculation, the heat energy consumption.

The calculations are for reference only and serve to control the consumption of heat and water supply.

Counters

What data is needed for heat accounting?

It's easy to guess:

The flow rate of coolant passing through heating devices.
Its temperature at the inlet and outlet of the corresponding section of the circuit.

Two types of meters are used to measure flow.

Meters with impeller

Meters intended for heating and hot water supply differ from those used for cold water only in the material of the impeller: it is more resistant to high temperatures.

The mechanism itself is the same:

The coolant flow causes the impeller to rotate.
It transmits rotation to the metering mechanism without direct interaction, through a permanent magnet.

Despite the simplicity of the design, the meters have a fairly low response threshold and are well protected from data tampering: any attempt to slow down the impeller with an external magnetic field will be hindered by the presence of an antimagnetic screen in the mechanism.

Mechanical meter for hot water supply and heating.

Meters with differential recorder

The device of the second type of meters is based on Bernoulli's law, which states that the static pressure in a flow of liquid or gas is inversely proportional to its speed.

How to use this feature of hydrodynamics to calculate coolant flow? It is enough to block his path with a retaining washer. The pressure drop across the washer will be directly proportional to the flow rate through it. By recording pressure with a pair of sensors, it is easy to calculate flow in real time.

It’s curious: the design of the meter implies the presence of electronics in it. Most models of meters of this type provide not only raw data - water consumption and its temperature - but also calculate the actual use of heat. The control module of such devices has a port for connecting to a computer and can be reconfigured with your own hands to suit the changed calculation scheme.

But what if we are not talking about a closed heating circuit, but about an open system with the possibility of selecting hot water? How to record hot water consumption?

The solution is obvious: in this case, retaining washers and pressure sensors are placed on both the supply and return heating pipelines. The difference in coolant flow between the threads will indicate the amount of hot water that was used for household needs.

The photo shows an electronic heat meter with pressure drop recording on the washers.

Conversion table from Megawatt to Gigacalories per hour

MegawattGigacalories per hour

10	50	100	250	500	1 000	2 500	5 000
8.598	42.992	85.985	214.961	429.923	859.845	2 149.613	4 299.226

Sources

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