Floor-mounted and in-floor heating radiators

Here you will learn:

• Features of floor heating radiators
• Types of floor radiators and materials for their manufacture
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Radiators built into the floor

Heating buildings with panoramic glazing or panoramic windows requires special solutions. One of the options is the use of floor radiators, which provide heating of the premises, as well as preventing the penetration of cold and icing of glass . This technique cannot be called widespread, but in many cases it is the only acceptable one (except for the possibility of using thermal curtains). To choose the optimal radiator for heating your home or office, familiarize yourself with the features of these devices, their characteristics, pros and cons.

So, how do these products differ from the usual radiators installed under window sills and near walls?

Features of floor radiators

Floor radiators are reliable and durable sources of thermal energy.
They are necessary where it is impossible to install wall-mounted devices: on partitions made of plasterboard and glass blocks, with a large glazed area of ​​vertical surfaces.

Principle of operation

Floor radiators are elements of a water heating system that works according to the following principle:

• in the boiler room the water is heated to the required temperature;
• it is supplied through a pipeline to the radiators and fills them;
• the instrument body heats up.

Heat is transferred into the room in two ways:

• radiation (up to 80% of the total power);
• convection.

The percentage of convection-radiation depends on the design of the device. Panel and sectional type batteries primarily operate on the principle of radiant heat. In this case, the waves are directed perpendicular to the surface of the device and at a slight angle in both directions.

If the radiator has a heat exchanger, which is a finned tube, then air fills the space between the fin plates. In this case, heat transfer is carried out primarily by natural convection. Heated air masses rise to the ceiling space, and cold ones take their place. Floor-mounted devices operate on this principle.

Photo 1. Design of a floor heating radiator. Arrows indicate the components of the device.

Advantages and disadvantages

The main advantage of floor-standing batteries is considered to be minimal heat loss. This effect is achieved through the carefully thought-out design and shape of the instrument body. Other benefits include:

• simplicity and ease of installation;
• aesthetic appeal inherent in modern models of heating equipment;
• wide selection of equipment with different thermal power;
• affordable price;
• possibility of adjusting the heating temperature.

Flaws:

• uneven heating of the room: the upper space becomes warm faster, while the air at floor level is cool;
• are not always able to fit harmoniously into the design of the room;
• cannot be masked by furniture or partitions placed in front of them.

Installation

Connecting a floor radiator to a heating system is technically no different from installing a wall radiator. Perform the same actions:

• Mayevsky taps or taps with a thermostat are installed at the input and output of the battery;
• sealing of threaded connections is carried out using flax and Unipak sealing paste;
• check the correct installation using a bubble level: the top panel of the heater must be strictly horizontal.

Reference. Each line of floor radiators has feed-through and end models. The first ones are designed for installation at any point in the heating system. Terminals are installed at the end of each branch of the utility network.

Panel-type floor radiators are prefabricated. Before connecting to the heating system, you need to perform several steps:

• remove the top and side panels;
• install legs;
• fix previously removed panels in their original places.

To make floor-standing appliances more stable, heating equipment manufacturers have developed special brackets. They are attached to the floor surface, after which the legs or battery housing are screwed on. If necessary and for greater ease of installation, height-adjustable brackets are used.

Photo 2. Special brackets with a floor-mounted bimetallic heating radiator suspended on them.

Possible alternatives

An in-floor convector allows you to save space, but is inconvenient to clean.
Floor-mounted radiators can be replaced with other devices if it is necessary to create an aesthetic design.

Built-in options

The in-floor unit allows heating to be installed in a hidden way. It is installed in the floor, and a decorative grille is used to remove thermal energy, standing flush with the coating. Built-in modifications differ:

• ability to withstand pressure from 10 to 16 bar;
• thermal power from 13 to 100 kW;
• water heating limit from 110 to 130 degrees;
• simplicity of design, light weight and compactness;
• corrosion resistance;
• hidden location - mounted in a doorway or floor covering;
• uniform heating of the room;
• preventing fogging of window structures.

Due to the large installation length and the need to create a niche, it is better to design the location of the sections at the construction stage. The models operate only on the radiation principle, so their heat transfer is minimal.

Skirting convectors

Uniform heating of the bathroom can be achieved by installing baseboard radiators.
It is not always possible to install radiators in the bathroom, so you can opt for warm baseboards. Products differ:

• height from 20 to 25 cm and depth 10 cm;
• efficiency - fuel costs are reduced by 50%;
• thermal power from 50 to 150 kW;
• operating pressure limit up to 16 atm;
• heating the water to 130 degrees;
• protection against overheating thanks to a thermostat;
• ease of installation;
• uniform distribution of heat flows.

Low water floor heating radiators should only be installed by specialists. If the technology is not followed, the wall decoration can be damaged.

Scope of use of floor radiators

First, let's figure out where heating devices that are installed on the floor are used.

It is advisable to use water floor radiators in the following cases:

1. In rooms where, for one reason or another, it is not possible to install traditional radiators for wall mounting. This often happens in houses where the walls are made of loose material (aerated concrete, foam concrete) or covered with plasterboard. Even light aluminum appliances cannot be hung on them.
2. In shop windows and shopping centers, low floor heating radiators are used for panoramic windows. Such glazing cannot be left without a thermal curtain, because condensation will accumulate on the windows and ice will form.

Unlike wall-mounted heating units, floor-standing radiators are installed only on the floor and are not mounted on walls. The height of these devices is less than that of their sectional counterparts. The stand for the unit is rigidly attached to the floor.

Advantages and disadvantages

The advantages of low heating radiators include the following:

• the unit can be mounted anywhere, regardless of the height of the windows;
• a low heating device saves free space in the room;
• Thanks to its stylish design and attractive appearance, the battery does not spoil the interior of the room and fits into any room design;
• can be installed in a room with panoramic windows to create a thermal curtain in front of them;
• during installation, the material and strength of the walls does not matter, because the batteries are not attached to them.

Such heating devices also have disadvantages, they are as follows:

1. To connect the battery to the heating system, you need to lay pipes in the floor screed, because they will interfere with the placement of furniture. Hidden installation of pipelines is considered not the best option, because it is more difficult to maintain and repair networks.
2. The heat from these heating devices is distributed unevenly, so the unit is not suitable for heating rooms of considerable height. In this case, some areas of the room may not be heated at all.
3. Due to the hidden installation of pipelines, the floor screed in the room is made to a certain height, which creates difficulties when attaching radiators.

A significant disadvantage of floor heating units is that they are more expensive than sectional wall-mounted radiators, and they heat the room worse.

Types of floor batteries

All horizontal heating radiators that are mounted on the floor are divided into several types depending on the material used:

Cast iron batteries were widely used in the last century, but they cannot boast of aesthetic appeal. Their main disadvantage is that the inside of the structure quickly silts up, so it needs to be cleaned regularly (about once every three years). When subjected to mechanical stress, cast iron can crack. The same thing happens with water hammer. Steel radiators are more popular today. They are quite durable and visually attractive. However, steel plate devices often leak in the weld area. The most reliable and beautiful bimetallic units. There is a steel core inside the aluminum body. Thanks to this, the heat transfer of the device is quite high, and optimal strength allows them to be installed in centralized networks with high pressure. Aluminum batteries are the lightest, but they are not designed for high pressure in the network, therefore they are used only in autonomous systems

It is important to carefully select the material of pipes and fittings, because aluminum forms galvanic couples with some metals.

By design, floor-standing units can be panel or sectional. Panel batteries are made only from steel, while sectional batteries are made from bimetal, cast iron or aluminum. In addition, all heating devices come in different heights.

Important! Higher batteries have the smallest heat loss with a small number of sections

An alternative is a combined system: heated floors and heating radiators

Each heating system has pros and cons. You can reduce the number of disadvantages and enhance the advantages of the heating network if you combine two types of equipment in the house - radiators plus heated floors. This combination can be a good alternative and will relieve the residents of the house from the disadvantages of systems installed separately. It is advisable to combine both systems if the area of ​​the house is large and the total heat loss of the building is high.

Combining heating systems is often used. They use different schemes: some install heated floors on the first floor, radiators on the second. Each system is connected to the boiler by a separate circuit.

Combined heating system - heated floors on the first floor and heating radiators on the second.

An equally common scheme is when traditional radiators and convectors are installed in living rooms, and heated floors are installed in rooms with high humidity: in the bathroom, toilet, kitchen. Experts also recommend underfloor heating in rooms where tiles or porcelain stoneware are laid as flooring. This is a cold material that is uncomfortable to walk on, so it is better to warm up such a base by installing TP systems.

Combined heating system - heated floors in the bathroom and heating radiators in the rooms.

In which rooms is it better to install heated floors?

Experts recommend installing heated floors in the following rooms:

• bathrooms;
• toilets;
• kitchens.

The humidity in these rooms is high, and a large amount of water gets on the floor, which must be effectively dried. Underfloor heating ensures 100% quick drying of wet areas. Ceramic tiles are considered the ideal flooring option in these areas with heated floors. It is also appropriate to install warm floors in rooms where the flooring is tiles or porcelain stoneware. It is better to warm up these cold materials.

How to organize combined heating

The technology for combining two types of heating is simple: radiator heating and underfloor heating are connected to the boiler by separate circuits.

Combined heating in apartments of multi-stage buildings. Difficulty in installing water floors can arise in apartments of multi-storey buildings. If the apartment does not have an individual heating system, then connecting water floors to the general house network is prohibited. Reducing the diameter of pipes will lead to an increase in pressure in the general network, increasing the risk of pipe bursts and flooding of neighbors. Owners of apartments in high-rise buildings can install electric heated floors or design a connection that bypasses the general heating main through their own boiler.

Combined heating in a private house. There are no such restrictions in private homes. Owners of private houses can design and build networks of any configuration, install a variety of equipment depending on their own preferences and budget. For example, in two-story cottages, a popular scheme for combining two types of heating is the installation of a transformer transformer on the first floor and the installation of radiators on the second.

Installation features

Installing recessed batteries into the floor does not require special preparation. In order to do this yourself, you need to thoroughly study the design of heating equipment in the house.

Trench convector POLVAX

To extend the service life of devices, ensure efficient heating of the room and not waste a lot of money and effort, when installing radiators you should pay attention to the following nuances

1. Pressure in the central heating system.
   Since in-floor radiators are primarily intended for heating country houses, they are generally not designed to withstand the pressures inherent in central heating systems. If you nevertheless decide to install a built-in radiator in an apartment in a multi-storey building, then when choosing a model you should rely, first of all, on this indicator. Installation of an in-floor convector
2. The height of the ceilings in the room. The larger the volume of the room that needs to be heated, the greater the power of the built-in radiators should be. The calculation is carried out using the formula 1 kW per 10 sq. m.
3. Electrical supply to water-type heating radiators. This point should be considered at the building design stage or before the renovation of the premises begins. Otherwise, you can only install a radiator with an electric heater.
4. Floor space required to install radiators. In this case, they rely on the dimensions of the devices. There should be a space between the floor and the radiator, the height of which varies depending on the model of the device.

Installation of an in-floor convector

Table. Step-by-step instructions for installing a floor-mounted radiator with a water heater.

Features of choosing a device for heating a home

If you need to save space, choose baseboard radiators.
When purchasing a heating device, you need to consider several factors:

• Material of manufacture. Aluminum ones are lightweight and compatible with any coolant. Bimetallic ones are less susceptible to corrosion, and cast iron ones have the highest heat capacity.
• Construction. Sectional options are easy to match to the window parameters due to the ability to remove or add elements. Panel heats up quickly and is easy to install. Tubular ones are resistant to pressure fluctuations and can withstand loads of up to 20 atm.
• Dimensions and characteristics. The height of floor-standing devices is from 14 to 50 cm, and the length is up to 2 m. They are designed for pressure up to 15 atm. and water temperature up to 110 degrees.
• Heating method and shape. Water batteries are heated by coolant and are equipped with temperature regulators. Electric ones can work together with the “warm floor” system, and combined ones operate from the heating line and the electrical network.

For installation in the bathroom, it is better to choose baseboard modifications, which will save up to 40% of fuel.

In what rooms are floor-mounted radiators installed?

Some models have additional functions, such as condensate drainage, automatic regulation, and programmable climate control.

Trench convector

Such radiators are most in demand in rooms where it is necessary to create a special microclimate:

• in greenhouses;
• in museums;
• in galleries;
• in houses with panoramic windows.

Radius/angular in-floor convector

The versatility and multifunctionality of radiators built into the floor contribute to the fact that they are preferred when organizing heating in both residential and office premises, as well as in commercial premises.

Built-in convectors are sometimes installed in window sills

Principle of operation

Heating a room using them occurs as follows. Cold air enters through a special grille to the radiator, heats it up and exits back into the room through the same grille. By circulating in this way, it ensures that the temperature in the room rises to the desired level.

Battery design in the floor Source yms.com.ua

To make a radiator grille in the floor, wood or metal painted in different colors can be used. Those made of metal are more wear-resistant, but at the same time, with strong heating, they can cause discomfort if you step on a bare foot, while the user is guaranteed not to get burned. Wooden ones can be damaged by strong force or pressure. Grilles can have different sizes and appearance, which allows them to be harmoniously combined with a particular room interior.

External battery grille in the floor Source carrera.ua

Installation is carried out close to the windows. In this case, a relief valve is always installed, connected to the radiator. It allows you to remove air from the system, which significantly increases the efficiency of radiators. Special regulators make it possible to set the required temperature in the room.

Advantages of radiators built into the floor

Heating radiators built into the floor are an excellent way to solve heating issues, regardless of the purpose of the premises and their area.

They have many advantages over traditional heating system options:

• reliability, environmental friendliness, reliability, resistance to the influence of aggressive environments. They are designed to last for many years of use;
• high productivity at minimal cost. High-quality heating, if a radiator is installed built into the floor, can be provided thanks to traditional water heating, which forms the basis of in-floor structures;
• the ability to conceal the battery inside the floor. Such design features allow consumers not to worry that the radiators will not fit into the modern interior of an office, stylish home or shopping center;
• maximum preservation of free space if radiators are installed under the floor. After installing the heating radiators, furniture and various interior items can be placed close to the walls of the room;
• When installing a heating system with radiators built into the floor, property owners have the opportunity to install all-glass windows on the entire wall. This design solution is most relevant in the construction of country cottages.

The design of an in-floor radiator, details in the video:

https://youtube.com/watch?v=PJUwyx4jjtc

Areas and features of application, effectiveness

Model SOLIRA 2020/4 No. 12 with a height of 200 mm and a depth of 70 mm.
Narrow batteries have become an alternative to conventional batteries in the face of changing building standards. They are ideal for panoramic and stained glass windows. In addition, large radiators do not always fit into bathrooms, toilet rooms, and balconies. With their miniature size, low batteries are practically not inferior to standard analogues in terms of efficiency, if the installation is carried out without violating technology.

Low horizontal structures are used in narrow rooms where there are low walls, partitions or panoramic windows. They are also indispensable for small loggias and balconies, as they do not take up much space. Narrow horizontal radiators are also installed in long rooms and corridors.

The main feature of such radiators is not even the size and dimensions, but the specificity of heating the room: the lower and longer the heating device, the more even the temperature of the room and the better the entire volume of air is heated.

Heating in baseboards

Relatively recently, a new and lowest method of creating heating has appeared. In this case, the heat supply structure consists of copper tubes finned with plates, due to which heat transfer increases. Water circulates through them.

The tubes are laid around the perimeter of the room and covered with special metal baseboards. This heating design has the smallest dimensions. It is 30 millimeters wide and has a height of 100–200 millimeters (depending on the power of the system).

Heating in baseboards has the following advantages:

1. Great opportunities for implementing design solutions in the interior.
2. Uniform distribution of warm flows along the walls.

When a unique design is created in a room, it is low radiators for stained glass windows that allow the heating system to be correctly and beautifully integrated into the interior.

Installing the battery into the system

When choosing one or another type of low radiator, you need to decide on its parameters based on the size of the window and the required heat transfer. The length of the heat exchanger should be equal to the width of the opening or exceed it by 200-300 mm.

Having the skill to use the necessary tools, it is not difficult to connect the radiator to the system with your own hands.

The following instructions will help with this:

• determine the type of system - one- or two-pipe;
• determine the most optimal connection diagram - diagonal, one-sided or bottom;

Unobtrusive interior element

• Next, we install taps on the supply and discharge pipes. allowing to shut off the coolant supply in an emergency;
• We screw the Mayevsky tap (top) and the plug (bottom) into the remaining holes.
• preliminary assembly can be done dry, the final connection is made using linen winding and plumbing paste;
• Batteries made of various metals can be connected to heating systems made of metal, metal-plastic and polypropylene pipes.

Montage in pictures

Advantages and disadvantages of floor-standing models

Floor radiators are connected to the general heating system and installed on legs

A floor-standing radiator unit can be installed on special legs or built into the floor surface, mounted like a plinth. Compared to standard options, they have several advantages:

• compactness – small-sized products do not clutter up the space;
• high heat transfer coefficient of models made of cast iron, bimetal, aluminum;
• laconic appearance - suitable for any interior design;
• several color options - standard batteries are made in white, but manufacturers paint them according to the RAL catalog, playing with different textures;
• ease of installation - installation work is reduced to connecting to the heating system or screwing into the floor;
• efficient heating of a room where there is a large window;
• Possibility of installation next to walls.

The disadvantages of floor heating radiators include the need to organize floor wiring and the difficulty of finding the right model in offline stores. Disadvantages also include low price compared to classic options and heating using convection technology.

Furniture items

A few examples of furnishing a kitchen combined with a living room:

1. 1. Sofa. It becomes an object that zones space. The sofa is placed with its back facing the place where food is prepared. In small rooms (less than 20 sq m) a corner is placed, which is placed against a wall installed perpendicular or parallel to the kitchen.
2. 2. Set. According to designers, minimalist models without elaborate details look modern. The service, vases or glasses are placed on an open shelf. You can buy a fashionable display case for them. Furniture is placed near the wall. If the space is large (20 sq. m, 25 sq. m or 30 sq. m), then in the central part you can install an island, which also has sections for kitchen appliances.
3. 3. Furniture set. The style should be combined with the design of both rooms. In small rooms, a compact table and chairs made of transparent material or painted in light colors look good. You can add a table with a round top to your living room interior. In spacious rooms, the kit is installed near the wall or in the central part. An elongated rectangular dining table would look good here.

Bimetallic radiators

Batteries are made of composite material, mainly steel and aluminum are used for manufacturing. The first component is used to create the internal tubes, the second - for the external heat-dissipating fins. This arrangement allows for strong and durable heating installations. Bimetallic heating devices are produced abroad, so they are quite expensive.

The main advantages of bimetallic heaters:

• High heat dissipation;
• Resistance to water hammer and internal pressure surges;
• Economical consumption of heating components;
• Quick installation.

Disadvantages: high cost.

Separately, it is worth mentioning autonomous oil radiators. Floor installations of this type do not depend on the public heating system and will be useful during the period of the year when it is not yet switched on. Unfortunately, electric oil batteries consume a lot of energy and cannot be considered economical heating sources.

https://youtube.com/watch?v=AIEgi_eDjUM

Heating radiators made of cast iron

An inexpensive and reliable heating device is familiar to all residents of the post-Soviet space: cast iron floor radiators can be found everywhere. Heavy batteries heat up slowly: weight and heating time are the two biggest drawbacks. But they last a long time; a 50-year service life is the norm for them. Recently, retro-style cast iron batteries have become popular; their production and sales have already been established abroad. Such batteries look stylish and beautiful and can decorate the interior of many private homes.

The main advantages of cast iron heaters:

• Long service life;
• Corrosion resistance;
• After switching off, they retain heat for a long time.

Flaws:

• Heavy weight;
• Heats up slowly.

Cast iron batteries

These radiators have been used for a long time to this day. With the advent of new, lighter materials, preference began to be given to them, removing old, unaesthetic-looking cast iron radiators from apartments, but recently cast iron radiators have begun to come into fashion again.

And this is not surprising, because at a low cost they have enormous strength and high reliability.

But for many, the heavy weight and difficulty in maintaining are the fundamental disadvantages of this type of device.

Today cast iron products are produced in two types:

• classic budget “accordions” in the “cheap and cheerful” style in a wide variety of colors and options for painting
• exquisite expensive designer models in retro style, each of which is a kind of masterpiece, and the cost can be very, very high.

Built-in devices

Heating radiators built into the floor are used to heat office, retail and residential establishments. They can be used in greenhouses and conservatories to create temperature conditions that are comfortable for plants. The operation of the device is based on the principle of convection. Built-in units promote intensive air circulation, so they heat the room faster and more efficiently, which reduces heating costs.

Worth knowing! There are built-in radiators on sale with automatic temperature control, condensate removal function, and the ability to program the microclimate in the room.

The unit has a simple design. Inside the metal housing there is a heat exchanger with convective plates. The body of the device is built into the floor, and is covered with a durable decorative grille on top.

For places with high humidity, it is better to buy a device made of stainless steel, and in rooms with a normal microclimate, batteries made of galvanized steel are used. To protect the body and pipes from corrosion, they are powder coated.

In the interior of the room, only the radiator grille is visible from such a device. In its manufacture, wood, aluminum, marble or one of the types of steel (stainless or galvanized) are used.

Based on their design, gratings are divided into roll and linear. The last gratings can only be lifted as a whole, and the second type is rolled up. Rolled decorative overlays consist only of transverse crossbars, while linear structures also have longitudinal stiffening ribs. Since the grille will be walked on and furniture placed on it, no plastic parts are used in its design.

Types and scope of use

Built-in batteries are usually used in the following places:

• public and residential premises with panoramic glazing;
• greenhouses;
• galleries, museums and exhibition halls;
• offices and commercial premises;
• private and apartment buildings.

Important! The efficiency of in-floor radiators with a fan increases to 90%. This is achieved thanks to improved air circulation. The fan can be turned off if necessary.

Devices with a fan have special porous rubber gaskets to reduce the noise level in the room. The unit has electronic temperature sensors, regulators for setting the temperature and fan speed.

Types, photos and sizes of heating radiators

There are two types of built-in batteries:

1. Water heating radiators in the floor consist of a metal tube on which convection plates are strung. Typically, tubes made of copper, steel or aluminum are used. The unit is connected to the water heating system of a house or apartment. In centralized networks, a design with copper pipes cannot be used.
2. Inside the electric built-in heater there is a closed heating element. To increase the heat transfer area, plates of steel, aluminum or copper are welded onto it. Stainless steel heating elements will last the longest. These radiators are fused for safe operation.

On a note! There are in-floor radiators with fans on sale that can both heat the air in the room and cool it.

Some varieties have built-in filters that allow them to purify air from the street and, after heating, supply it indoors. To make it easier to control the operation of the device, you can purchase a control panel for it. Typically, built-in radiators of a rectilinear configuration are found on sale, but a semicircular device can be made to order.

Pros and cons of built-in radiators

The advantages of underfloor heating batteries include the following:

• The unit can be installed anywhere.
• The device can be used in a room of any size because it does not take up space, being installed in a niche under the floor. You can walk on the grate and place furniture on it.
• The battery does not require special care and is easy to repair and maintain.
• Due to the fact that the unit is not visible in the interior, it can be used in rooms decorated in any style.
• The safety of the device allows it to be installed in a children's room.
• When installed near a doorway or under panoramic windows, the radiator forms a thermal curtain that prevents heat loss.

But when choosing this type of heating device, you should not forget about their disadvantages.

The disadvantages include the following:

1. Installing and connecting this device is quite labor-intensive. It is better to entrust all work to professional craftsmen.
2. To install the device in the floor, the screed has to be made quite high, which leads to significant consumption of materials.
3. Heating efficiency is noticeably reduced in a room with a height of more than three meters.
4. The price of built-in heating devices is higher than that of their wall-mounted counterparts.

During operation of the built-in radiator, active dust circulation occurs in the room. This worsens the well-being of young children and negatively affects the health of allergy sufferers.

Tips for choosing

When purchasing, pay attention to the dimensions of the unit and its power. Also decide in advance whether you need a device with a built-in fan.

When choosing, consider the following parameters:

• pressure in the heating system;
• the purity of the coolant and its composition are important for the choice of pipe material in water units;
• the diameter of the pipeline can be ignored, because there are adapters on sale;
• type of wiring (one-pipe or two-pipe);
• humidity in the room (the material of the housing and pipes depends on this, as well as the need for a condensate removal function).

It is advisable to use floor-standing and built-in heating devices in rooms where the parameters of a conventional wall-mounted radiator do not meet the requirements or their installation is generally impossible.

Aluminum heaters

These devices, very light, but at the same time quite durable, are usually used for autonomous heating, since low-quality coolants in centralized systems can cause rapid corrosion.

In addition, they are quite sensitive to surges in water pressure. They are produced in two ways:

• injection molding method, where step-by-step processing ensures maximum smoothness of surfaces, and an anti-corrosion coating is applied inside and outside, after which the body is coated with special powder paint
• an extrusion method in which the vertical parts are made of aluminum, and the manifold is made of silumin (aluminum-silicon alloy), hermetically connecting all parts to eliminate the risk of leaks.

Kinds

There are two types:

• Electrical. They are equipped with closed-type heating elements in which plates are installed. Can be steel or copper. They are produced in accordance with all safety requirements. They have special fuses to provide protection against network failures. Their installation is carried out in those facilities where there is no central heating.
• From central water heating. The structure can be steel, aluminum or copper.