What pipe diameter is best to use for heating a private house and why

When planning a heating system, it is necessary to carefully select all its components. Therefore, the technical characteristics of the pipes are as important as the power of the boiler or the heat output of the radiators.”

But for efficient and reliable operation of the entire system, it is necessary to maintain constant temperature and pressure of the coolant transferred from the heat generator to the heating devices.

Boilers, regardless of the fuel used, and radiators are ready-made factory products that do not require modifications or changes. Installing heating in a private house with your own hands comes down to laying pipes and their hermetically sealed connections.

General technological requirements for heating pipes:

• Sufficient strength.
• 100% tight.
• Ease.

Equally important are related consumer indicators:

• Low noise level.
• Ease of installation.
• Installation cost.
• Maintainability.
• Maintenance cost.
• Appearance.

All pipes meet these requirements to a greater or lesser extent. But how to choose the best option for heating a private home? What pipes should I use in a city apartment?

Register constructs

Each individual register is welded from one or more pipes located vertically or horizontally.
Material with a diameter of 32–200 mm (usually 32–80 mm) is used. The choice of register cross-section size is limited by the boiler power - water in wide volumetric tanks is not heated to the required level. The length and number of pipes depends on the parameters of a particular room: area, insulation, and the presence of other heat-releasing elements in the room. In order for the heat transfer from the panel to be maximum, the distance between the two pipes during welding is made 5 cm greater than their diameter. This increases the area from which heat is radiated into space. At a smaller distance, a register made of smooth pipes will waste heat on heating itself, and at a larger distance, there will be air “holes” in the created thermal “wall”, and the efficiency will decrease. The pipes are connected to each other by welding (less often by a threaded connection) with thin transverse tubes - pipes. There are various designs of this type of heat-transfer elements: heating registers made of smooth pipes (round or profile) and finned pipes. The last option is a heating element on which perpendicular metal plates are welded at high frequency. This was done to increase the heat transfer area and increase the efficiency of the device. The appearance of the finned pipe leaves much to be desired; it is more often used for heating non-residential premises. In apartments, they prefer to replace the finned structure with a more “civilized” option.

Horizontal register. In shape, horizontal registers are S-shaped (serpentine) and sectional, which are several parallel pipes forming one section. Essentially a single-pipe S-shaped system is heating from pipes without batteries. If the pipeline is installed with a slight slope of 0.05%, then a pump is not required for the system, the water circulates naturally. When using a horizontal register, any connection is possible - top, diagonal, bottom or side.

Vertical option. Registers and vertical radiators are a series of vertically welded thin tubes. In this design, pipes of large diameters are not appropriate, since they are often installed where space is limited - for example, when replacing batteries with registers as a result of connecting a loggia. A circulation pump is required to move the liquid vertically. The main advantage of these samples compared to horizontal ones is the aesthetic appearance. A carefully welded vertical heating radiator can decorate a room on its own or with the use of decorative elements.

Copper pipes

Copper pipes are not recommended for supplying drinking water, as ions of the substance may enter the liquid. Their scope of application is heating systems. In some cases, specialized pipes with a tin sheath inside are used for this purpose, but they are significantly more expensive than other communication options.

Copper pipe is divided into hard and soft.

• Solid is supplied in the form of 5-meter rods, which are cut and connected in the system using angles and couplings. Compared to soft ones, it can have a larger diameter and withstand higher pressure.
• The soft pipe does not need to be cut to connect the elements of the system - it is deformed with a pipe bender along the path of the main line. When using fittings that involve a press method, it is necessary to insert a support sleeve into the soft pipe.

It is more difficult to work with a soft copper pipe, since the pipe can easily be broken, so a certain skill is required from the master.

Methods for connecting copper pipes

• A compression fitting consists of a pressure ring, a nut and the fitting itself. The copper ring is placed on the pipe and tightened with a nut. Under pressure, it cuts into the pipe walls and bends them, providing a connection. This method does not require special tools, but it is not very reliable, since when the nut is tightened, the pipe may crack and begin to leak. The connection itself is non-separable, because the ring is firmly embedded in the pipe. To repair, you will need to cut off the fitting and reinstall it.

• A press fitting is a non-separable type of connection; its installation requires a set of special pliers. Such a tool is rarely found among installers, since it is necessary to have a separate nozzle for different diameters and for fittings from different manufacturers. At the same time, the connection made using a press fitting is highly reliable.

• Soldering on copper pipes is used in hard and soft ways. In the first, the pipe is heated to a high temperature, and then solder is attached. Soft soldering is more labor-intensive: first the pipe is cleaned and flux is applied, then only the parts are subjected to heat treatment. From an appearance point of view, the soft method looks more aesthetically pleasing, so it is more often used in boiler rooms where pipes are installed in an open manner.

Advantages of copper pipes

• Copper does not allow steam to pass through, so the system will not be saturated with air.
• Soldering allows you to create relatively reliable connections.
• From a visual point of view, copper pipes look unusual and attractive if the installation is carried out by an experienced installer.

In order for the appearance of copper pipes to become a kind of decorative element, they need to be mounted evenly. This is often difficult to do with soft highways, since the turning angle does not always correspond to 90 degrees, and the straight line often has irregularities. Solid pipe is preferable in this regard.

• Soft copper pipes can be laid in a single circuit without joints.

Disadvantages of copper pipes

• It is not suitable for hidden installation, since contact with the wiring can generate eddy currents, which over time damage the walls of the line.
• Copper is not suitable for water supply systems as its ions can leach into drinking water.
• The material is not compatible with aluminum elements; this leads to increased gas formation in the system.
• Soft copper pipe can be easily damaged mechanically. As a result, a leak may occur.

Registers from a profile pipe

The profile pipe in cross-section forms a shape other than a circle: square, rectangle or oval. You can make registers from any type of profile. Although the products are more compact and more attractive in appearance than analogues made from round pipes, the manufacturing process is somewhat more complicated. For this you will need:

• rectangular pipe with a cross-section of 60*80 mm (or another type of profile);
• inch pipe for jumpers with a cross section of 25*25 mm;
• plugs for profile pipes;
• Mayevsky tap to eliminate airiness in the system;
• grinder, hacksaw;
• welding machine.

The sequence of actions in the manufacture of a three-pipe sectional register from a rectangular profile is as follows.

The rectangular pipe is cut into pieces of the required size in the required quantities.

Markings are made on the cut metal pieces to cut out holes into which jumper pipes are subsequently welded. The holes are cut out.

For jumpers, 4 inch pipes (25*25 mm) are used.

The plugs for the profile pipe are cut from sheet metal 3 mm thick. The dimensions of the rectangular plugs around the perimeter are 1.5 mm smaller on each side than the cross-section of the profile pipe - to fill the space with a welding seam.

The pipes are laid out horizontally, and jumpers are placed strictly along the holes.

The jumper pipes are “caught” point by point by welding: 3 points are made so that during further work there are no kinks or distortions.

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The product is installed vertically. All jumpers are welded with a full weld.

Conformity between metric and inch sizes

Knowing the dimensions of a steel plumbing system, you can understand what sizes of plastic elements should be used instead of metal ones. To do this, you need to multiply the inch size by 25.4 (1 inch = 25.4 mm). This will give you the inner diameter of the plastic pipe. Then you should select the type of pipe that is closest in value. In this case, you should choose the size in the upward direction. For example, for a 3/4″ size, when converted to mm, we get 19.05 mm. From the table we see that 2 sizes are located closely: 16.6 mm and 21.2 mm. We choose a larger one, that is, a pipe with an outer diameter of 32 mm.

When going to the store, you don’t have to stock up on calipers or a ruler to select the required size of products. Just read the labeling of plastic water pipes. At first glance, the inscription looks like a meaningless collection of letters and numbers, but it is not so. The markings indicate:

• manufacturer (graphic logo);
• product type;
• nominal pressure (alphanumeric designation starting with PN);
• pipe dimensions in mm (outer Ø x wall thickness);
• operating class;
• maximum operating pressure in MPa;
• regulatory document, for example TU or GOST.

To determine the correspondence between metric and inch sizes, you can use the table:

Only the diameter is specified in inches. To indicate the lengths of sections, slopes, center distances, etc., the value in millimeters is used.

Installation methods

A homemade heating battery is assembled from individual pipes using welding or threading. The first option is preferable and stronger than the second; the welds can withstand a pressure of 13 atmospheres. Heating registers are assembled into finished products and then connected to the heating circuit. The device is mounted on the wall with brackets; for installation on the floor, supports are welded from below. The process of assembling a sectional product occurs in several stages:

1. Cut the required number of pipes of the required sizes.
2. Markings are made on the workpieces, marking the places where the pipes are connected.
3. Connect pipes and pipes.
4. Weld the plugs and install the drain valve.
5. The product is connected to the heating system.

Advice. The pipes are located closer to the edges of the register - the circulation of the coolant in this case will be more intense.

"Samovar" for heating. In some cases, a homemade register is supplemented with a heating element and an expansion tank - you get an independent heating device, called a samovar. It is not connected to the general heating system; it heats the room autonomously from a 220 V network. The heating element’s sufficient power is 1.5 kW, which is slightly more powerful than a kettle. For convenience, a thermostat is connected to the electric heating element. You can make a samovar with your own hands from round or profile pipes; the models can be stationary or portable, used for heating an unheated shed, pantry, or garage. In these cases, it is better to use antifreeze or oil as a coolant rather than water.

Answers from experts

Tori:

plastic pipes and aluminum radiators.

LegendaSporta:

polypropylene.

mu.rza:

we bought polypropylene ones. each has its pros and cons. Read this, a very informative article about pipes

Vladislav Ushkalov:

Igor Shkurny:

Polypropylene... have less trouble with it... unless of course you have a soldering iron!!!!

Lizard:

I bought a house with completely defrosted metal pipes and cast iron radiators. I chose, consulted, changed to polypropylene and aluminum batteries. I bought one cast iron. and what? It was she who cracked in the very cold (there was no heating, and there was antifreeze in the pipes, but it did not help). I also changed it to aluminum. Further, in the well next to the house there is water supply for five houses, each has its own valve, the pipes are all iron. They rusted like hell. When it burst again, I raised a fuss, collected money from the people, and the local master replaced the filling of the well with polypropylene again. Now we are all calm. So polypropylene is perhaps more reliable. Some people claim that pipes made of polyethylene (very dense) are even more reliable and are not afraid of frost at all, but I don’t know.

Floors:

Iron pipes are 3-5 times cheaper and much more reliable than propylene and plastic. The disadvantage is corrosion of the metal from the inside, which cannot be gotten rid of in any way, but if the water is not drained from the system, then after cutting a 20-year-old pipe, it is as good as new inside (I myself have cut old heating pipes more than once - there is almost zero corrosion inside. And heating devices are more aesthetically pleasing than aluminum and bimetal. USSR cast iron is no longer in fashion, and the material consumption is appalling)))

Sergey Rudin:

Look here: agrosad m /catalog/tverdotoplivnie_kotli_1

Solo:

In a private house AOGV. ) There seem to be no other options.

Andrey:

rephrase the question. A radiator heating system is one thing, but pipes and radiators are a completely separate issue.

Alexander Bonn:

Gas boiler, steel radiators, welded pipe. Energy consumption: 10 sq. m = 1 kW. For a private house, warm floors (1st floor) and radiators are combined. But there must be an emergency heating system (electric or solid fuel).

Alasseia:

question about heating a spherical house in a vacuum, no information about the source of energy supply, no information about the house itself, what would I recommend - a project for heating your bungalow completed by a specialist

F F:

Boilers, boiler equipment. Heating 2 x storey house. : // forum .domostroy /#gazosnabjenie-vodoprovod-otoplenie-konditsionirovanie Gas wall-mounted boiler Heating, plumbing, sewerage for a house or cottage. Heating 2 x storey house.

Which radiators or pipes are better? - it is necessary to rely on the volume of coolant for the correct operation of the boiler! example - 70 sq. wooden house, - they wanted a fan system with aluminum. heating radiators, after calculating the amount of coolant, we chose a register system of pipes.

For a brick house, combine heated floors (1st floor) and radiators, a fan distribution system, and metal-plastic in a screed. Alexander Bonn +++

alexm66:

The question is very general: which is better, a foreign car or a VAZ - for which there is money and opportunity. I think the main criterion is the reliability of the equipment, and a competent installer will be able to make a workable system out of it, but an illiterate one will ruin any “luxury” equipment.

Best answers

drinker in the thorn bush:

If it is done aesthetically, it is better to use steel registers. If the registers are already mounted, close them behind decorative grilles.

Tech Box:

Smooth pipe circuit for good circulation and large volume of coolant.

Guy from the Future...:

The thermal conductivity of steel is 5 times less than that of aluminum. This means that with the same surface area of ​​the device, the heat transfer of a steel device will be lower than that of aluminum. That is, you will have to make it 5 times larger in size..

Alexander:

The advantage of a smooth register with a large open surface area is that it remains efficient at low coolant temperatures, which cannot be said about modern aluminum ones at temperatures of 40 and below. The disadvantage of a register that has a high heat capacity is that this heat capacity prevents precise regulation. Now it remains to understand the wood-fired boiler and what fraction of the day the return temperature can be no higher than 40C or you have an automated pelletizer with a bunker for several days.

ip:

The best option for hydraulics together with registers is cast iron radiators. They have a slightly larger surface area relative to their volumes and linear dimensions compared to registers. If you need to heat a room without windows and without furniture along the walls, then registers will be good, and if there are windows , then you should put cast iron under them and it will block the heat loss of the room together with a DN50 pipe around the perimeter. The calculation of cast iron comes down to a set of sections in the ratio of two sections per linear meter of street wall for the first floor and one and a half for the second when the first one is heated. Good luck.

Anatoly Bananan:

I think that aluminum heating radiators teplofresh/catalog/alyuminievye-radiatory-otopleniya are best suited for a private home. There are two types of such radiators - cast and extruded. Extrusion radiators are more suitable for heating systems that use antifreeze liquid, since these radiators are more durable and are made of aluminum of fairly high purity.

Marya Lamyr:

I think that decorative stainless steel mesh will suit you perfectly, it is both beautiful and durable! By the way, decorvesta is a good store with similar products!

Pavel Mokov:

The thermal conductivity of steel is less than that of aluminum, so it’s better to take an aluminum radiator, look here tallosplav /catalog/alyuminievye_radiatory/.

Methods for calculating pipe diameter

A large amount of data and complex formulas are not always convenient for calculating the diameter of the pipe and laying the main line. There are other methods to determine which pipe sizes can be used for heating installation. Today the following methods are used for calculations:

• The tabular method allows you to determine the diameter using ready-made tables. The calculation takes into account the speed of movement of the coolant, the volume of heat losses, the power of an individual heating device or the entire system;
• Calculation method based on the calculation of the thermal power of the system;
• Taking into account the coefficient of hydraulic resistance of the circuit to the movement of the coolant.

Tabular and reference data

All these methods use standardized tabular and reference data. Which make it possible to quickly determine the appropriate pipe diameter.

The use of tables and reference books can be called one of the 5 secrets of heating engineers. It is from them that they accurately calculate the nomenclature of pipes for the system.

To work with the lookup table, you must first calculate the total thermal power of the building as a whole and for each room. The second secret is that in the heating circuit the coolant has a certain speed range. The concept is complex, but in practice it sounds like this - if the water moves too slowly, the room simply will not warm up. Since air jams will constantly form in the system. Therefore, the minimum permissible speed of coolant movement at which all elements will work in balance is 0.3 meters per second.

On the other hand, if the coolant moves too quickly, for example, under the pressure of a circulation pump. In this case, the radiators and pipes themselves will make very audible sounds, which is also not very good. Therefore, the upper limit of movement speed is considered to be 0.7 meters per second. This range of flow velocity from 0.3 to 0.7 m/s is usually taken as optimal for the heating circuit in a private house.

Example for determining the required pipe diameter size

For example, you can take a two-story house with a total area of ​​75 meters. The area of ​​the first floor is 50 meters, the second occupies 25 meters of heated area.

Now that all the data in the table is known, you can determine the required pipe sizes. The total area of ​​the house is 75 m2 multiplied by 100 watts, resulting in 7500 watts of total thermal power, for this indicator the pipe size must be at least 25 mm. For the contour of the first and second floors, its diameter may be smaller, since 20 mm pipes are applicable for indicators of 5000 and 2500.

Sectional registers made of smooth pipes

Sectional registers are in very good demand among owners of private houses. Such devices consist of pipes that are interconnected and closed with plugs. The energy carrier passes through the top pipe, enters the next one, and ultimately ends up in the discharge line. To increase heat transfer, they try to make transitions between sections as close to the edge as possible. Interpipe plugs can be elliptical or flat. The inlet pipe can be made with a flange, thread or welding.

The design of sectional registers includes a threaded fitting, to which a special vent is attached to remove air from the system. Pipes for sections can have different diameters (from 25 mm to 40 cm), so choosing the appropriate option is not difficult. Transition pipes usually have a smaller diameter. In addition, one of the most important operating conditions for such installations is the pressure in the system not exceeding 1 MPa.

Factory heating devices

It is worth noting that industrial enterprises also produce heating batteries from pipes. As a rule, this is equipment that includes two collectors - upper and lower. They are connected to each other by vertical tubes installed in two or three rows. At the same time, these devices do not have fins, which would increase the heat-releasing surface area, as in standard cast-iron radiators. Heat exchangers on such batteries are made of pipes with a cross-section of 2.5 cm, and collectors with a diameter of 5 cm.

The maximum pressure level that such batteries can withstand is 12 atmospheres. They are resistant to corrosion because the inner surface of the pipe is galvanized. The wall thickness of steel pipes is 1.5 mm.

The layout of the radiator in relation to the collectors can be:

• with parallel heat exchanger;
• with a perpendicular heat exchanger.

Considering the technical features of heating radiators made from pipes, they can be successfully used both in public institutions and residential urban buildings. The products have an attractive appearance and fit harmoniously into any environment. Moreover, the absence of sharp corners on tubular radiators makes it possible to install them in kindergartens and primary schools, as well as hospitals and clinics.

Another positive point is that cleaning such a radiator from dust will not be difficult, since there are no fins on it.

We hope that this material will be useful to you and will help you avoid mistakes when making and installing a homemade radiator from pipes.

Design characteristics

Radiators made of smooth steel pipes are most often used. Welding of smooth pipes can be registered and serpentine. Registered ones can have 2 types of pipe connections - column and thread. Column - connecting each pipe to each other on both sides using jumpers. When connecting “thread”, the jumpers are installed alternately, first on one side, then on the other. This ensures a consistent connection, and the coolant flows around all the pipes one by one.

The heater radiator can be welded not only from round, but also from square pipes. They are not much different, but they are more difficult to work with and have higher hydraulic resistance. Although such radiators are much more compact.

In this case, the contact area of ​​the metal with the air is much larger, which increases heat transfer. Such heating registers do not look very presentable, but they heat the room well, despite the temperature outside the window.

Pipes and a radiator in the heating system of a private house...

From the wording of the question it is not entirely clear whether the private house is yours or belongs to the customer...

If we assume that the house belongs to the customer of the work, then in order to avoid claims on his part, everything should be done in accordance with the project (contract).

If you equip your home with a heating system, then its elements should be chosen taking into account durability and ease of maintenance, naturally taking into account the “price of the issue” available to you personally. Usually everything works out when the work is carried out according to a ready-made project that suits everyone.

Now, in order. And so the pipes:

“...which pipes to choose: steel or ferrous metal?” There are only two types of ferrous metal - steel and cast iron. Cast iron differs from steel only in the percentage of carbon in the alloy and usually in the presence of certain alloying additives. Pipes for heat, water and gas supply systems previously (in the last century) were produced only from steel of various grades. This was due to their relatively low cost and the ability to quickly install systems. However, this is where the advantages of steel pipes ended. The main disadvantage of steel pipes is their poor resistance to corrosion and, as a result, low durability. Therefore, if you want to leave a legacy of a reliably operating heating system, then I do not recommend using ferrous metal pipes.

Currently, polymer and metal-polymer pipes are produced for use in heat-water-gas supply systems. Their structural difference is the reinforcing layer. Some use fiberglass, others use metal (usually aluminum).

Their main advantage is the impossibility of recycling the material under natural conditions. It is this quality that determines their exceptionally high resistance to corrosion destruction. In addition, polymer pipes have many other advantages over steel ones. When operated under certified conditions, the service life of polymer pipes is at least 50 years.

In accordance with modern design standards, pipelines of all systems must be laid covertly. In interior design, pipelines of engineering systems are not used. Pipelines of engineering systems are fixed to elements of load-bearing structures of buildings, in specially equipped channels, behind decorative lining. As a last resort, pipes are laid in special plastic boxes.

And now about: “which radiator is better to buy for a private house, the area of ​​the house is approximately 60 square meters?”

Let me assume that you need a heating device for your home, and not a source of thermal energy. If this is the case, then it is usually chosen according to two parameters - the required power and as an element of the interior of the room, naturally, based on financial capabilities. The power of a heating device for a “regular” living space made of stone-reinforced concrete structures with “standard” thermal insulation is selected at the rate of 1 kW per 10 sq.m. area. But it is far from a fact that the temperature in the room after such a “selection” will be comfortable. Typically, one heating device is installed in each room. In large rooms and taking into account the requirements of space-planning solutions, several heating devices can be installed. If a decision is made to use radiators of standard designs as heating devices, then most likely they will need to be covered with decorative grilles, which will inevitably reduce their efficiency.

Today, in terms of design and technical characteristics, the most efficient heating device is the fan coil. None of the radiators can compare with it in terms of operating efficiency and heat transfer.

Fan coil units are currently produced in a fairly large number of models, differing significantly in a number of capacities and appearance. All of them fit easily and naturally into any interior.

That’s basically all about which pipes and radiator are better in the heating system of a private house...

If you have any questions, I will answer them in personal correspondence. Good luck!

Connection of metal and plastic pipes

Structures made of steel and polymers are joined in two ways.

Combinations of products from different materials can be:

1. Rezbovym.
2. Flange.

For joining small structures, a threaded connection is most often used. For this purpose, special shaped parts are used, which consist of two parts. The first is a metal thread, and the second is a plastic coupling. In this way, a transition is made from one pipe to another. The joining method is suitable for channels with a cross-sectional size of up to forty millimeters.

The flange connection is permanent. It is used for large diameter structures. This connection allows you to quickly assemble or disassemble any section of the pipeline. The joining of metal-plastic or plastic structures to steel ones is carried out using special components - flanges.

Main selection criteria

Any specialist has a whole arsenal of tools that help him make the right choice. Each type of pipe has both positive and negative characteristics. Therefore, taking them into account, it is not difficult to find the optimal solution. Much also depends on knowing what heating systems exist and what engineering conditions must be met

Here is a list of basic initial data that must be taken into account when choosing heating pipes:

• Availability of forced or gravity heating system
• Laying method - internal or external
• Complex or simple system configuration.
• System pressure power
• Maximum water temperature

Below is a list of existing options. It will help you decide correctly which pipes to choose.

How to make registers from round pipes with your own hands

This option has become the most widespread of all the above-mentioned designs for several reasons: manufacturing does not require specific skills, round pipes are commercially available, and the design of the product is simple. Required materials and tools:

• round pipes of the required diameter (40–70 mm);
• pipes Ø 25 mm;
• end caps;
• drain valve;
• grinder, hacksaw;
• welding machine;
• measuring tool.

Standard four-chamber radiator

If you plan to manufacture an autonomous “samovar”, then you will additionally need to purchase a heating element and an expansion tank. The work flow diagram for manufacturing and connecting the device is as follows:

1. Selecting a model suitable for a particular case: horizontal or vertical heating radiators.
2. Determining dimensions, drawing up a diagram.
3. Purchase of materials.
4. Welding the product (or less commonly, assembly with a threaded connection).
5. Checking for leaks.
6. Connection to the heating circuit system.

Below are recommendations for making registers from round pipes yourself.

Any plumber or person who has the skill of assembling pipes or wiring according to a sample or diagram can install the product.

To manufacture registers, no drawings are required; a simple diagram or drawing is sufficient, giving an idea of ​​​​what kind of design should be obtained at the output.

It is important not to give in to the temptation to “weld the pipe thicker.” The larger the diameter of the pipes, the larger the volume of water will have to be heated, and this is an additional load on the boiler plus an unjustified increase in the heating bill

The optimal nominal pipe diameter is Ø 32 mm.

Heat transfer can be increased by increasing the distance between the pipes - add 5 cm to the pipe diameter.

The most reliable connection is welding. If a thread is used, then plumbing flax or UNITEC adhesive-sealant, which is specially designed for threaded connections in plumbing systems, is used as a gasket.

How to use tables

If you don’t know what diameter of pipes is needed for heating a private house, you can use the tips. Manufacturers have developed special tables to help calculate the required parameter. The size depends on the heat volume, hot water speed and degree.

For two-pipe version

For clarity, let’s consider calculating the cross-section of pipes for heating a cottage consisting of two floors. Polypropylene models are used for the circuit, and the boiler operating mode is 80/60 with a temperature difference of 20 C. The heat loss of the building is 38 kW. It takes 20 kW to heat the lower rooms, and 18 kW for the upper rooms. In the tooltip, the data is indicated in W.

In the table, the most acceptable speed of hot water movement is marked in pink. The first step is to determine the location from the boiler to the first turn (branch). All liquid passes through the line, so the volume remains initial (38 kW). In the hint you need to find a line along which they reach the zone with a suitable shade and go up. Of the two diameters of 50 and 40 mm, take the smaller one.

After separation, the flows go to the first (20 kW) and second (18 kW) floors. In the table, use the pink marker to search for the required parameters. As a result, a section of 32 mm is obtained, with the help of which both branches are separated.

The circuit is divided into two parts with the same load. On the lower tier there is a double wing, 10 kW each (20 kW). In the upper rooms the branching is already 9 kW (18 kW). The hint searches for a suitable value for both solutions. The resulting diameter is 25 mm. On the first floor, the cross-section is reduced to 20 mm after 2 batteries, on the second floor - after 3.

When calculating heating data, the information at the boiler outlet is important. For reverse flow, the characteristics of the pipes do not change. Each manufacturer has its own tables, and the one discussed in the description is an example for understanding the algorithm of actions.

For single pipe system

The principle of working with hints is similar to that described in the previous subsection, but only the data structure changes. In the table, the acceptable speed of the hot liquid is colored blue, and the power parameters are placed in the header. As a sample, a single-pipe circuit with forced circulation is used for a one-story house with 6 batteries.

To calculate the size of pipes for heating systems, the internal cross-section of the parts is calculated. When entering the network, energy is supplied from the boiler with a power of 15 kW. In the hint, in the area with optimal movement, data close to 15,000 units are sought. As a result, two values ​​are obtained (20 and 25 mm), from which the smaller is selected.

Upon entering the first battery, the load is reduced to 12 kW. In the blue area of ​​the table, the required parameters are found and a diameter of 20 mm is obtained. By the third radiator, the power decreases to 10.4 kW. In the light blue field, a section of 20 mm is determined.

How to correctly calculate the diameterSource tut-proremont.ru

By the fourth battery, the thermal load decreases by 2 kW. In the table with data of 8.5 kW, the recommended pipe size is 15 mm. The parameter is repeated in the fifth design; for the sixth you can take 12 mm.

For metal circuit

When working with steel and copper, you will have to take into account the heat loss that occurs through the walls of the pipes. If the utility network is compact, then a small loss is practically not felt. The longer the contour, the more noticeable the cold. An incorrectly selected diameter will cause low temperatures in the batteries.

Heat loss for a steel pipe with a cross-section of 40 mm and walls of 1.4 mm is calculated using the formula:

Q=k*3.14 (tв-tп).

The “K” value is the linear heat transfer coefficient, which for a metal part is 0.27 W. The parameters in brackets are the water temperature (80 C) and room air temperature (22 C). If we plug in the circuit data, we get 49 W/s. For every meter of system, up to 50 W of energy is lost. In an extended network, losses can become critical, so the shortcoming is neutralized by the correct section.

Tables calculating the diameter can be found on the manufacturer’s website. When marking pipes, external or internal parameters are indicated. Professionals recommend averaging the data, adding 5% error.

For natural circulation

Designs with convection movement of hot water work due to the difference in pressure and temperature at the inlet and outlet of the boiler. The liquid circulates due to gravity, which is enhanced by the pressure of the coolant. For the natural type, pipes with a suitable diameter are needed. The more moisture spins in the system, the stronger the speed. If the cross-section is exceeded, the equipment spends more energy and time on heating, which reduces efficiency.

The convection type of water movement is suitable for compact country houses with a short heating circuit. The design must maintain speed within 0.4-0.6 m/sec. To obtain the cross section, the parameters must be calculated using the formula.

Explanation for searching for a sectionSource tut-proremont.ru

Types of registers to install

The most commonly used products are cast iron, steel and aluminum. The most common are aluminum. Their advantages are the following:

• resistant to corrosion;
• have minimal weight;
• long period of use;
• there are no connections or joints from welding;
• high heat transfer.

Monolithic casting is used in the manufacture of aluminum registers. Such products are most often installed in residential and office premises. If you need heating in production, it is better to install registers made of steel or cast iron, as they are more durable. Heating systems can be either stationary, in which the coolant is heated using a boiler, or mobile. Such registers have special protection against accidental electric shock. Steel heating registers are not characterized by high heat transfer, but they benefit significantly due to their budget cost, ease of processing and large selection of sizes.

Stainless steel registers are also used, but they have low heat transfer, so their manufacture requires a lot of pipes, which is quite expensive. In heating systems, where all wiring is made of copper pipes, registers made of a similar material are installed. They have the highest heat transfer. It is 4 times higher than steel. Copper has high ductility, so it is easy to bend in the right places. Welding is only required at the points where different parts join. Copper registers have quite significant disadvantages - they are high cost and the need to comply with the conditions of use. In order for copper registers to last a long time, the following conditions must be met:

• there should be no solid particles in the coolant;
• there should be no other metals incompatible with copper in the system;
• to avoid corrosion, grounding is installed in the system;
• Since the metal is very soft, special protection is needed for the registers.

Cast iron registers are massive and heavy, so you need to install strong stands under them. Cast iron is a very brittle metal and can be damaged by a strong impact. Because of this, cast iron registers need protection in the form of casings, which significantly reduces heat transfer and increases their price. Installing them is quite difficult. Cast iron is a chemically neutral material, and it does not care what kind of coolant is in the radiator.

The most affordable and reliable material for registers is steel.

Varieties for heating systems

Modern heating systems use rolled pipes and parts made of materials such as metal or plastic. The first category includes ordinary steel, alloy steel and copper pipes. The second includes polypropylene, metal-plastic and polyethylene cross-linked communication elements.

They all have certain positive qualities and manifest themselves effectively in different situations. The choice of a specific type of pipe is made individually, depending on the expected operating conditions and other important parameters.

Features of steel pipes

Until recently, steel pipes were used in the vast majority of heating systems and were the only material available. Today their positions have significantly weakened, and serious competitors have appeared nearby.

However, it was not possible to completely oust steel pipes from the market. Until now, they have been successfully used, but mainly in autonomous gravity-flow complexes, where the laying of large-diameter communications is required.

The laying of steel pipes is carried out by professional craftsmen before finishing activities begin, since welding work can damage wall or floor decor

Among the main advantages of steel pipes are a high tendency to thermal conductivity, low linear expansion during active heating, and resistance to intense pressure.

Justified advantages are considered to be unprecedented strength, both on straight and rounded sections, the ability to withstand aggressive temperature conditions and the affordable cost of elements.

To assemble a system of steel pipes, in addition to welding, there is an alternative method - installation on threaded connections using additional parts and fittings. To prevent joints from leaking, they are sealed with plumbing flax

Among the shortcomings, they point to problematic and labor-intensive installation, which is impossible without the presence of specialized expensive equipment, which can only be operated by professionally trained craftsmen with extensive experience in carrying out such activities.

The process of arranging a heating complex is also complicated by the impressive dimensions of the pipes. You won’t be able to do everything alone; it’s better to involve one of your friends or relatives who has the skills of welders and installers. It’s easier and faster to work with a team; everything can be organized clearly and accurately, ensuring the system has the necessary tightness.

Steel pipes demonstrate a good level of resistance to water hammer and have an impressive melting point (up to 1500°C), unlike other materials

Steel pipes and steel fittings used to connect them are absolutely not suitable for organizing hidden heating systems. The metal has a low anti-corrosion threshold and in humid conditions quickly rusts, rots and leaks.

To fix the problem, complete dismantling of the decorative covering is required if the pipe runs indoors, or large-scale excavation work when the problem arises on the approach to the house.

What is the difference between alloy steel?

Alloy steel is a durable material that, in addition to traditional impurities, contains various additives that improve the physical properties of the metal.

An example of an alloyed material is stainless steel - this is a special steel alloy containing at least 12% chromium. This additive ensures pipe resistance to corrosion and easy processing with special tools.

When purchasing stainless steel pipes, it is important to take into account the carbon content of the metal. The more it is, the higher the strength, but the lower the flexibility. At low temperatures, such products become brittle and their scope of application is reduced.

For the production of pipes with a welded seam, cold- or hot-rolled steel sheets with a working thickness of 0.4 - 5 mm and 2 -50 mm, respectively, are used.

Finished products have less weight than conventional steel ones and have good resistance to structural destruction and mechanical damage. Due to the low coefficient of thermal expansion, they can easily withstand severe temperature loads during operation. They function perfectly at pressures up to 16 bar.

The cost of alloy pipes is slightly higher than that of analogues made of ferrous metals. However, the costs are justified, because simple steel communications last on average 15-20 years, while stainless steel works reliably at least 3 times longer

Another indisputable advantage of alloyed stainless steel pipes is the ability to transport not only coolant heated to high temperatures, but even heated steam.

Types of stainless steel pipes

Alloy stainless steel pipes are made in two ways: welded and seamless. In the first version, sheets of metal are connected to each other using electric welding, producing a longitudinal or spiral seam. To prevent heat-affected corrosion, the joint area is subjected to special treatment and grinding.

Welded pipes with a spiral or longitudinal seam are cheaper than their seamless counterparts, but their service life is shorter. In addition, they have restrictions on maximum operating pressure and are vulnerable to mechanical damage

Seamless products are made by cold or hot deformation of solid pipe blanks made of stainless alloy steel. The cold method produces thin-walled pipes, and the hot method produces thick-walled pipes. The finished product has a perfectly smooth surface and is characterized by unprecedented reliability.

Seamless steel pipes are ideal for arranging heating systems of any complexity. Despite their high physical characteristics, they are reasonably priced, and thin-walled models successfully compete with more expensive copper products

Pipes made using seamless technology are not afraid of corrosion, function perfectly in harsh and aggressive operating conditions and can easily withstand record temperatures and enormous pressure.

Copper pipes for heating

In the manufacture of pipes for heating systems, high-quality copper is used, and in rare cases, a copper-zinc alloy, where the volume of the zinc component does not exceed 5%. To reduce the level of heat loss and give the products a more attractive appearance, the outer surface is covered with a polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride layer.

Copper pipes for the heating system undergo additional phosphorus treatment. This significantly increases their physical characteristics, and in particular, resistance to water.

Among the main advantages of the material for copper pipelines, the unsurpassed strength is first noted, thanks to which the products last for 100 years during intensive use and are not subject to corrosion.

Their thermal conductivity is 389.6 W/mK, which significantly exceeds the actual performance indicators of cast iron, steel and metal-plastic.

Copper pipes, when heated even to high temperatures, do not emit any harmful fumes, therefore they are absolutely safe for humans

The operating temperature range of copper pipes is very wide. They perform well both at high (up to +250°C) and low (up to -100°C) temperature conditions, do not melt during intense heating, do not crack or deform during operation.

They ideally hold their original shape, are not afraid of high pressure in the system, and even in the area of ​​soldered joints they can easily withstand a load of 200-400 atmospheres, and this is tens of times greater than the ability of metal-plastic in the same area.

The thermal expansion rates of copper pipes are simply minimal. With regular exposure of metal to a coolant temperature of more than 90°C, each linear meter of communications lengthens by approximately 0.1%. All other materials here are significantly inferior to copper.

Due to the ability to maintain an aesthetic, attractive appearance over time, they are suitable for laying pipelines of not only internal, but also external heating systems and can serve not only for their intended purpose, but also serve as a decorative interior element.

Among the disadvantages, professionals note incompatibility with other metals. In order to reduce the cost, it is not recommended to use connecting parts made of cast iron or stainless steel for copper pipes. Such “savings” will subsequently backfire on the owner, since the chemical reaction between the elements will ultimately provoke corrosion of the entire heating system.

In the assembly of copper pipelines, only copper fittings are used. They are used to make connections by crimping, high-temperature and low-temperature soldering.

Among the disadvantages of copper pipes, their high cost is most often mentioned in comparison with other types of materials.

Distinctive features of polypropylene products

Polypropylene is a rigid, non-toxic synthetic polymer with high physical and mechanical characteristics. Pipes made from this modern material demonstrate exceptional impact resistance and multiple bending capabilities, low gas and vapor permeability, wear resistance and complete dielectricity.

Advantages of PP material

Thanks to these qualities, PP pipe material is actively used for arranging heating systems both on an industrial scale and in the private sector.

You can install a heating system made of polypropylene pipes yourself. But it is necessary to ensure that there are no sudden changes in pressure and temperature. Installing a boiler that limits the maximum possible water heating (no more than 70C°) will help create such conditions.

Polypropylene pipes are included in the category of budget communication parts and are lightweight, making them easy to transport and install alone.

Other advantages include the following:

• a perfectly smooth inner surface that does not contribute to the accumulation of lime deposits, which significantly complicate the free circulation of the coolant;
• quick and affordable installation that does not require the use of expensive professional equipment (all work can be done using a soldering iron, which is so easy to use that even a person very far from such work can easily “obey” it);
• long service life without loss of efficiency (on average about 25 years at full load);
• good resistance to negative temperatures;
• neat, aesthetic appearance that does not deteriorate over time.

The disadvantages of polypropylene pipes include the weak rigidity of the plastic, which in the future can cause sagging of the heating main and, as a result, lead to a crack in the joint or breakage.

To fix the problem, simply patching the fragment will not work. For subsequent correct operation and restoration of the integrity of the heating complex, it will be necessary to replace the section of pipe located between the two fittings.

The parts of a polypropylene pipeline are connected by welding, the specifics of which are described in the article we recommend.

You can also familiarize yourself with the features of choosing a welding machine for constructing a polypropylene pipeline and the recommended operating temperature limits for soldering on our website.

Types of polypropylene pipes for heating

In order for a home heating system to work longer and demonstrate the highest possible efficiency levels throughout the entire operational period, reinforced polypropylene pipes are used. They are classified according to the type of reinforcing material.

The PP pipes used in the heating device are reinforced with aluminum foil along the outer layer, in the middle or along the inner edge. In this case, sheets of metal can be discontinuous, solid or corrugated.

Polypropylene is highly plastic and can increase in size upon contact with a hot coolant. If communications are built into walls or floors, this may cause cracks in the coating. Reinforced pipes are subject to minimal expansion due to the presence of a protective frame

The foil reduces the actual thermal expansion of the material and creates a diffusion barrier, preventing oxygen from penetrating the walls. As a result, calcium sediment does not form and does not provoke oxidation processes on the walls of the radiators and boiler.

Fiberglass is also an effective reinforcing material for pipes. By coextrusion, it is placed in the middle layer of a polypropylene pipe. Due to the fact that both materials are similar in composition and basic properties, during welding with a fitting, a high-strength alloy is formed that is not subject to delamination even during long-term operation.

Polypropylene pipes with fiberglass reinforcement are simple and easy to install, unlike aluminum pipes, they do not require additional cleaning of the edges before soldering, and demonstrate excellent sound insulation properties.

Polypropylene pipes reinforced with fiberglass are considered the most suitable option for arranging home heating systems and last much longer than their counterparts.

Another modern reinforcing element is composite. It is a mixture of polypropylene and fiberglass. Added to the pipe, it increases the adhesive properties of the reinforcing layer and enhances performance characteristics such as strength and resistance to mechanical damage.

Rules for assembling pipelines for heating systems made of polypropylene pipes are given in the following article, the contents of which we advise you to familiarize yourself with.

XLPE pipes

Cross-linked polyethylene is a progressive material made using modern technologies. It is a polymer of ethylene with molecules connected cross-linked by chemical or physical cross-linking. It has a homogeneous structure, flexibility and a high level of tensile strength.

The list of main advantages of cross-linked polyethylene pipes includes:

• excellent shrinkage properties;
• the ability to clearly hold its shape along the stitching line even when heated to 200 C°;
• excellent wear resistance during intensive use;
• absence of halogens and heavy metals;
• immunity to corrosion and high pressure;
• low vulnerability to chemically active aggressive substances;
• normal impact strength at low temperatures (down to - 50 C°);
• minimum percentage of expansion under the influence of heat;
• suitable for hidden installation;
• minimal need for preventative maintenance.

Due to its plasticity, the material can be easily processed and does not require special tools, special professional abilities or serious experience. Even an amateur can handle installing a heating system if he has step-by-step instructions on hand to describe the necessary work.

Another distinctive feature of cross-linked polyethylene pipes is the “memory effect”, when a fragment “remembers” its position in the system and does not change it even over time

The most significant disadvantage of cross-linked polyethylene is its high vulnerability to ultraviolet radiation and the objective technological impossibility of producing large-diameter pipe material.

Methods and technology for welding polyethylene pipes are described in an article entirely devoted to this interesting issue.

Metal-plastic for pipeline construction

Metal-plastic products are the most common and practical material for arranging home heating systems. They harmoniously combine the advantages of plastic and metal, only absorbing the disadvantages of both materials to a minimum.

Compression fittings are used to assemble a heating system from metal-plastic pipes. They provide a reliable connection of all elements, but require subsequent additional maintenance

Metal-plastic pipes have a complex design and multi-level structure. The outer plastic layer acts as a fuse and protects the product from aggressive environmental influences. Next are aluminum foil and a polymer of increased smoothness, which prevent sediment and deposits from accumulating inside.

The connection of metal-plastic pipes is made using specialized fittings designed for crimping and clamping. In the first case, theoretically detachable connections are created, which are still not recommended to be disassembled unless absolutely necessary. In the second - one-piece.

No expensive tools are required to form connections with press fittings. The article we recommend for reading will familiarize you with his choice. The system can be assembled by a completely inexperienced performer.

Of the distinctive features of metal-plastic pipes, the most important are:

• minimal linear expansion under the influence of the coolant, which does not lead to deformation and sagging of the pipeline system or its individual fragments;
• pronounced smoothness of the inner surface, due to which the passage does not become clogged and the coolant circulates as expected; good temperature resistance (lower than metal parts, but higher than other plastic products);
• bending and tensile strength, ductility within acceptable radii (if the threshold is exceeded, “breaking” is possible);
• light weight, greatly facilitating the installation process;
• corrosion resistance;
• possibility of processing without the use of special equipment.

The disadvantages include the not very long service life of pipe products (up to 15 years according to manufacturers) and the significant cost of connecting fittings.

Practical heating registers: what to choose for your home and apartment

On the market, everyone can choose heating registers for installation in an apartment or private house. On sale there are designs made of metal horizontally located pipes connected to each other by special jumpers, due to which water moves through the heating device. Modern registers have higher heat output than traditional Soviet batteries. The most popular aluminum registers have the best technical characteristics. Homemade batteries are used in small apartments or rooms, ensuring proper heating of the available space.

Material of manufacture

If you make a selection depending on the material of manufacture, then the registers can be classified into the following categories:

1. Steel;
2. Aluminum;
3. Cast iron.

Which heating registers are best to choose? Steel registers became the most common. Their connection to the heating system is carried out by threading or welding. Such devices have good heat transfer and reasonable cost.

Aluminum registers are much lighter than steel registers. In addition, they are resistant to corrosion, are made without connecting seams and have good heat dissipation. The main disadvantage of such devices is their very high price.

Registers made of cast iron are connected to the heating system using a flange connection. They are quite easy to install and inexpensive. The disadvantages of cast iron products include low inertia, which significantly reduces the heating time of the registers.

What errors may occur during the installation process

Very often, during the installation of heating devices from pipes, workers make technical errors, which can subsequently affect the performance of the system. Here are the most common ones.

If the radiator was installed lower than 7 cm from the floor covering, this can significantly complicate cleaning underneath and will also lead to disruption of heat exchange in the room. But in cases where the radiator hangs further than 15 cm from the floor, significant temperature changes will be felt - your feet will be cold.

In addition, installing batteries close to the wall can also affect the quality of heat transfer, since the level of heat loss will increase. Installing additional screens or decorative grilles in front of pipe radiators will also reduce their heat transfer.

Calculation of the number of ribs

Heating registers must be calculated before purchasing them. The diameter of the pipes is very important: experts believe that pipes with a cross-sectional diameter in the range from 3 cm to 8 cm are suitable for a private house. This decision is determined by the fact that a conventional heating boiler is not capable of producing a larger amount of heat, so too large surfaces will not warm up completely .

When making calculations, you need to pay attention to the length of one register rib and the heat transfer per meter of this length. For example, a meter-long pipe with a 6-centimeter cross-section can heat one square meter of area

When calculating the required number of edges, the result must be rounded up. The calculation of the number of heating registers must also take into account the characteristics of the building. For example, if a building has a large number of windows and doors, or if the walls are thin and poorly insulated, then the number of registers can be increased by 20-50%.

Replacing old radiators

If you decide that old heating devices need to be replaced, then dismantling and updating them should be done in the summer. Since the heating system is turned off at this time of year and is not filled with coolant, removing and installing homemade or industrial radiators will not be difficult.

Replacing old equipment may be necessary in cases where they are too worn out and do not provide enough heat, or residents want to reduce or increase the number of sections in the radiators. If installation work is carried out, the surface of the walls behind the radiators can also be updated.

But remember that all work on the wall surface - plastering, painting or cladding - is carried out before installing the radiator.

Which metal is better

To begin with, we note that structures of this kind can be intended both for heat transfer, performing the function of radiators, and for heat intake, when a tubular register is mounted directly in the combustion chamber of a boiler or furnace.

Plus, in some models, instead of a coolant liquid, heated gas is used, for example, a radiator chimney pipe.

• Steel pipes for heating radiators are deservedly considered leaders in this market sector. Of course, the heat transfer of steel is not as high as that of aluminum or copper; it is susceptible to corrosion and requires regular maintenance. But these shortcomings are more than compensated for by the affordable price, as well as a wide range of types and sizes. In addition, it is much easier to weld ordinary ferrous metal than non-ferrous metal.
• Stainless steel is used extremely rarely for such structures. Apart from the fact that its cost, to put it mildly, is far from budget, argon welding is used for soldering stainless steel, and not every professional welder can work with it.

Important: in this case there is simply no point in using galvanized iron. Thin zinc coating simply burns out during the welding process.

As a result, the already weak weld is further affected by corrosion.

The use of copper tubular registers is justified only in the case of copper wiring throughout the house. The heat transfer of copper is four times higher than that of ferrous metals, so here we can talk about heating with pipes without radiators, or rather with a minimum number of radiators. But, firstly, the price of copper is incredibly high, and secondly, this metal is very demanding in terms of operating conditions.

Copper heating wiring.

1. Copper systems require a finely purified coolant that does not have solid abrasive inclusions.
2. In such systems, fittings must be copper or compatible metals such as bronze, nickel, chrome or brass. Moreover, it is strictly forbidden to combine aluminum with copper.
3. Copper pipelines necessarily require high-quality grounding, as there is a danger of electrochemical corrosion.
4. Copper is a soft material, so the system needs additional protection; naturally, casings and shields also cost money.

The cast iron radiator heating pipes shown in the photo are still used in industrial buildings and technical rooms. But the weight of such a design is much higher than that of a household cast-iron battery. Considering the unesthetic appearance and rather low efficiency, they are not popular.

Tubular cast iron batteries.

Tip: cast iron tubular registers are ideally suited for installation in the combustion chamber. Optimal heat capacity, low price and unpretentiousness in terms of coolant make them leaders in this area.

Making a register yourself

Homemade heating registers are quite simple, and no special skills are required in their manufacture. All you need is experience with a welding machine and the availability of basic parts for manufacturing.

When creating registers with your own hands, the following algorithm is used:

1. First, pipes of appropriate diameters are prepared and the blanks are cut;
2. The internal space of the pipe is cleaned to reduce the resistance to the energy carrier;
3. It is necessary to weld plugs at the ends. Some plugs must be provided with holes;
4. It is now possible to connect large diameter horizontal pipes with smaller vertical pipes;
5. At this stage, taps are installed that will allow air accumulated in the system to be removed;
6. The last step is to clean all the seams and paint the surface of the register with oil paint.

Heating registers made from a profile pipe will have all the necessary parameters. When assembling portable structures, it is necessary to install a heating element with a power of 1.5-6 W, which can be connected to an outlet. By connecting registers to heating boilers, you can increase the performance of the system by installing a circulation pump.

Two-pipe circuit

More equipment is needed to design the wiring of a two-pipe type of heating. Additionally, more financial resources and installation work are required.

In such a scheme, hot water is distributed evenly and at the same time it is possible to easily regulate and customize the functioning of the system.

The coolant is heated by a double-circuit boiler using gas energy.

When installing a two-pipe distribution system, it is necessary to install special self-bleeding valves in the upper positions. In a one-story house, such elements are installed on the very last battery.

Temperature is regulated using thermostats.

It is better to equip large rooms with a two-pipe type of wiring and a circulation pump. With an area of ​​less than 100 sq. m single-pipe type with natural movement of fluid in the system can fully provide heating of the room.

To avoid mistakes, it is recommended to entrust the creation of the project and installation of the heating system to professional plumbers.