Heat transfer tables for heating radiators

The heating problem in our latitudes is much more acute than in Europe with its mild climate and warm winters. In Russia, a significant part of the territory is under the rule of winter for up to 9 months a year. Therefore, it is very important to pay sufficient attention to the selection of heating systems and calculation of the power of heating radiators.

Unlike underfloor heating, where only the area is taken into account, the power of heating radiators is calculated according to a different scheme. In this case, you should also take into account the height of the ceilings, that is, the total volume of the room in which it is planned to install or replace the heating system. There is no need to be afraid. Ultimately, the entire calculation is based on elementary formulas, which will not be difficult to master. Radiators will heat the room thanks to convection, that is, air circulation in the room. Heated air rises and displaces cold air. In this article you will get the simplest calculation of the power of heating radiators.

Leading classification

This will depend on the type and quality of the material used in the manufacture of radiators. The main varieties include:

made of cast iron;
made of bimetal;
made of aluminum;
of steel.

Each of the materials has some disadvantages and a number of features, so to make a decision you will need to consider the main indicators in more detail.

Made from steel

They function perfectly in combination with an autonomous heating device, which is designed to heat a significant area. The choice of steel heating radiators is not considered an excellent option, since they are not able to withstand significant pressure. They are extremely resistant to corrosion, lightweight and heat transfer performance is quite satisfactory. Having an insignificant flow area, they rarely become clogged. But the working pressure is considered to be 7.5-8 kg/cm2, while the resistance to possible water hammer is only 13 kg/cm2. The heat transfer of the section is 150 W.

Steel

Made from bimetal

They do not have the disadvantages that are found in aluminum and cast iron products. The presence of a steel core is a characteristic feature, which made it possible to achieve colossal pressure resistance of 16 - 100 kg/cm2. The heat transfer of bimetallic radiators is 130 - 200 W, which is close to aluminum in terms of performance. They have a small cross-section, so over time there are no problems with contamination. Significant disadvantages include the prohibitively high cost of the products.

Bimetallic

Made from aluminum

Such devices have many advantages. They have excellent external characteristics and do not require special care. They are strong enough, which means you don’t have to worry about water hammer, as is the case with cast iron products. The working pressure is considered to be 12 – 16 kg/cm2, depending on the model used. Features also include a flow area that is equal to or less than the diameter of the risers. This allows the coolant to circulate inside the device at tremendous speed, which makes it impossible for sediment to deposit on the surface of the material. Most people mistakenly believe that too small a cross-section will inevitably lead to low heat transfer rates.

Aluminum

This opinion is erroneous, if only because the level of heat transfer from aluminum is much higher than, for example, that of cast iron. The cross section is compensated by the area of the fins. The heat output of aluminum radiators depends on various factors, including the model used, and can range from 137 to 210 W. Contrary to the characteristics given above, it is not recommended to use this type of equipment in apartments, since the products are not able to withstand sudden temperature changes and pressure surges inside the system (during the run of all devices). The material of an aluminum radiator deteriorates very quickly and cannot be subsequently restored, as is the case when using other materials.

Made from cast iron

The need for regular and very careful maintenance. A high rate of inertia is almost the main advantage of cast iron heating radiators. The level of heat transfer is also quite good. Such products do not heat up quickly, and they also give off heat for quite a long time. The heat output of one section of a cast iron radiator is equal to 80 - 160 W. But there are a lot of shortcomings here and the main ones are considered to be the following:

Tangible weight of the structure.
Almost complete lack of ability to resist water hammer (9 kg/cm2).
There is a noticeable difference between the cross-section of the battery and the risers. This leads to slow circulation of the coolant and fairly rapid contamination.

Heat transfer from heating radiators in the table

What are the main criteria for choosing radiators?

Heating system type

Perhaps this is precisely what we should start from first of all. In our country there are two types of heating systems: centralized and autonomous. Moreover, both of them require the use of different radiators.

1. Domestic central heating is characterized by high operating pressure, as well as its surges. The fact is that, unlike Europe, we have a one-pipe system, in which radiators are connected in series. In addition, no one worries about the smooth start of the centrifugal pump. And turning it on abruptly is fraught with water hammer. And the water in such a system does not shine with either purity or neutrality. It is hard, its acidity is high, and in the summer it is drained, which causes corrosion in many radiators. Therefore, for such a system, radiators are needed that can withstand an operating pressure of 6, and possibly 9 atmospheres (they will tell you more in detail in DEZ). Don’t forget about the acidity of the water when choosing radiators that can operate at high pH levels.

The best choice for a central heating system would be:

Cast iron radiators are durable and non-corrosive. Working pressure – 6-16 bar.
Bimetallic radiators, also not subject to corrosion and withstanding pressure up to 35 bar (sectional models) or up to 100 bar (monolithic models).

2. Autonomous heating is fundamentally different from central heating. The water here moves in a circle (two-pipe system), its pressure does not exceed 3-5 bar, and the acidity also meets the standards. There are no foreign impurities in this water. Therefore, almost all types of radiators are suitable for autonomous heating.

For an autonomous heating system, experts recommend:

Aluminum radiators with the highest heat output.
Steel radiators have a low price, are distinguished by their beautiful appearance and original design.
In some cases, you can use good old cast iron radiators.

The use of bimetallic radiators in an autonomous heat supply system is not entirely justified due to their high cost and lower heat transfer compared to aluminum radiators.

Heat transfer of different types of radiators

Let us give specific figures on thermal conductivity (the value is indicated for one section). Naturally, the average values are indicated. You can find out more accurately the characteristics in the passport of a specific radiator.

Heat transfer of one section:

Cast iron radiators - from 100 to 160 watts.
Aluminum radiators - from 82 to 212 watts.
Bimetallic radiators - from 150 to 180 watts.

Total heat transfer of non-sectional radiators:

Steel radiators - from 1200 to 1600 watts.
Convectors - from 130 to 10,000 watts.

Let's summarize. The leader in heat transfer is aluminum. Steel takes second place. The third one will be given to cast iron, which also takes a very long time to heat up (that is, it has greater inertia). But it also takes a long time to cool down, which sometimes comes to the rescue.

Which radiators are more reliable and durable?

We will again provide in the form of a list the duration of uninterrupted operation guaranteed by the manufacturers.

Cast iron radiators – more than 50 years.
Aluminum radiators - from 15 to 20 years (provided that the pH of the water is not higher than 7-8).
Steel radiators – up to 15-25 years
Bimetallic radiators - up to 20-25 years.
Convectors – 10-25 years.

So, if, when figuring out which heating radiator to choose, you set durability as the main criterion, then you don’t have to look far. Take cast iron - not a single newfangled radiator will last longer. Only choose a proven manufacturer who makes really high-quality batteries using excellent raw materials and components. Following this are bimetallic and steel radiators.

As for reliability, there are two aspects here - the ability to withstand pressure and how demanding a particular type of radiator is on the coolant. If we talk about pressure, then the undisputed leader will be bimetallic radiators, followed by aluminum, cast iron and steel radiators.

But radiators treat coolant differently. The most durable in this regard are cast iron radiators, followed by bimetallic ones. For steel radiators, it is important that water is not drained from the system for a long period, otherwise corrosion may occur when oxygen enters the system. Well, the most “delicate” are aluminum radiators, which require Ph in the range of 7 - 8 units.

Appearance and finishing

1. Cast iron radiators - models from domestic manufacturers, although they have become smaller in size, having undergone changes in design (their facade has become flat), but cannot boast of finishing. They are coated only with an anti-corrosion primer, which requires subsequent painting. But the models from European manufacturers and the coating are beautiful and durable, and the design is quite modern.

Separately, it is worth mentioning retro-style radiators; they are expensive, but their appearance is simply delightful.

Option for cast iron radiators in Retro style.

2. Aluminum radiators are distinguished by a variety of designs. Many manufacturers produce multi-colored radiators that look very elegant and attractive. Models of aluminum radiators are distinguished by a wide range of center distances and standard sizes. This allows them to fit perfectly into any corner of the house.

3. Panel-type steel radiators can fit into almost any apartment interior. Smooth panels are not very noticeable, blending harmoniously with the surroundings.

And tubular steel radiators are often distinguished by their unconventional shape. For example, they can be angular or made in the form of a trapezoid. They are also used to protect staircase steps and fit into niches and attic spaces. And everywhere such radiators look fresh and modern, shining with multi-colored paints.

4. Bimetallic radiators are very sophisticated in design. There are many models that have curved rather than straight surfaces. This allows them to fit perfectly into rooms with smooth angles. Such products are produced, in particular, by the RIFAR plant. The RS Bimetal radiator from SIRA also boasts smooth and beautiful curved lines.

Model of RIFAR FLEX bimetallic radiators with a rounded shape.

5. In terms of appearance, floor convectors differ only in decorative grilles.

Price categories

Cast iron radiators (except for retro models) - from 300 rubles per section.
Cast iron “retro” radiators - from 2000 rubles per section.
Aluminum radiators - from 300 rubles per section.
Steel radiators (price for a whole radiator) - from 1,500 to 10,000 rubles.
Bimetallic radiators - from 500-600 rubles per section.

The cheapest radiators are steel panel and cast iron, especially those made domestically. After them will come aluminum injection molded radiators; extrusion models will be slightly cheaper. But the most expensive ones will be bimetallic radiators, retro-style cast iron radiators and steel tubular radiator models.

About the manufacturers - the most famous and reliable brands

Cast iron radiators in a classic style are produced by such companies as the Czech manufacturer VIADRUS, the Spanish one - ROCA, the Italian one - FERROLI, the Belarusian one (MZOO), the Turkish one (DEMIR DÖKÜM). We make them in Cheboksary (manufactured by ROCA (Epoca model), DEMIR DÖKÜM (Retro model).

Aluminum radiators are mainly made by Italians. So, these are the companies RAGALL, ROVALL, DECORAL, MECTHERM, FARAL, INDUSTRIE PASOTTI, GLOBAL, FONDITAL, RADIATORI 2000. For us, this is the Stupino SMK plant, as well as the company from Mias MMZiK. Each has protection for radiators from corrosion. In particular, FARAL produces zirconium treatment of their internal parts. Calidor Super Aleternum radiators, manufactured by FONDITAL, also an Italian company, also have a good anti-corrosion coating.

Tubular steel radiators are produced by German companies ZEHNDER, BEMM, ARBONIA, KERMI. Italian manufacturers are the company TET-A-TERM, and in Russia – KZTO from the city of Kimry, producing the “Zavalinka” model, on which you can even lie down. However, models of the same type (benches) are made by both ARBONIA and ZEHNDER. As for panel steel radiators, they are produced by the following manufacturers: German company KERMI, Czech - KORADO, Belgian - RADSON, Dutch - STELRAD, Turkish - DEMIR DÖKÜM, Polish-Finnish - PURMO), Italian - BIASI. In Russia we can name two enterprises: “MECHANICAL PLANT” from St. Petersburg and from Tver.

Bimetallic radiators are made by companies from Italy (GLOBAL, SIRA), the Czech Republic (ARMATMETAL), Russia (the Ryazan plant TSVETLIT-R, the Moscow plant SANTEKHPROM and the enterprise from the Orenburg region RIFAR). It is the products of the latter manufacturer that are very in demand and popular.

Convectors are produced by Russian (KZTO, ISOTERM and SANTEKHPROM), American (SLANT/FIN), and European companies. For example, Slovenian VTS CLIMA, Polish CONVECTOR, German KAMPMANNAN, English BISQUE RADIATORS, Belgian JAGA.

Formulas for calculating heater power for various rooms

The formula for calculating the heater power depends on the ceiling height. For rooms with ceiling height

S – room area;
∆T – heat transfer of the heating device section.

For rooms with ceiling heights > 3 m, calculations are carried out according to the formula

S – total area of the room;
∆T – heat transfer of a separate section of the battery;
h – ceiling height.

These simple formulas will help you accurately calculate the required number of sections of the heating device. Before entering data into the formula, determine the real heat transfer of the section using the formulas given earlier! This calculation is suitable for an average incoming coolant temperature of 70˚ C. For other indicators, it is necessary to take into account the correction factor.

Let us give examples of calculations. Let's imagine that a room or non-residential premises has dimensions of 3 x 4 m, the ceiling height is 2.7 m (standard ceiling height in Soviet-built city apartments). Let's determine the volume of the room:

3 x 4 x 2.7 = 32.4 cubic meters.

Now let’s calculate the thermal power required for heating: multiply the volume of the room by the indicator required to heat one cubic meter of air:

Knowing the actual power of an individual radiator section, select the required number of sections, rounding it up. So, 5.3 is rounded to 6, and 7.8 – to 8 sections. When calculating the heating of adjacent rooms that are not separated by a door (for example, a kitchen separated from the living room by an arch without a door), the areas of the rooms are summed up. For a room with double-glazed windows or insulated walls, you can round down (insulation and double-glazed windows reduce heat loss by 15-20%), and in a corner room and rooms on high floors, add one or two sections “in reserve.”

Why doesn't the battery heat up?

But sometimes the power of the sections is recalculated based on the actual temperature of the coolant, and their number is calculated taking into account the characteristics of the room and installed with the necessary margin... and it’s cold in the house! Why is this happening? What are the reasons for this? Is it possible to correct this situation?

The reason for the decrease in temperature may be a decrease in water pressure from the boiler room or repairs from neighbors! If, during the renovation, a neighbor narrowed the hot water riser, installed a “warm floor” system, or began heating a loggia or glassed-in balcony on which he built a winter garden, the pressure of hot water entering your radiators will, of course, decrease.

But it is quite possible that the room is cold because you installed the cast iron radiator incorrectly. Typically, a cast iron battery is installed under a window so that the warm air rising from its surface creates a kind of thermal curtain in front of the window opening. However, with its back side, the massive battery heats not the air, but the wall! To reduce heat loss, glue a special reflective screen to the wall behind the heating radiators. Or you can purchase decorative cast-iron batteries in a retro style, which do not have to be mounted on the wall: they can be mounted at a considerable distance from the walls.

An example of calculating the power of heating batteries

Let's take a room with an area of 15 square meters and a ceiling height of 3 meters. The volume of air to be heated in the heating system will be:
V = 15 × 3 = 45 cubic meters
. Next, we calculate the power that will be required to heat a room of a given volume. In our case - 45 cubic meters. To do this, you need to multiply the volume of the room by the power required to heat one cubic meter of air in a given region. For Asia and the Caucasus it is 45 watts, for the middle zone 50 watts, for the north about 60 watts. As an example, let's take a power of 45 W and then we get:

45×45=2025 W - power required to heat a room with a cubic capacity of 45 meters

General provisions and algorithm for thermal calculation of heating devices

The calculation of heating devices is carried out after the hydraulic calculation of the heating system pipelines using the following method. The required heat transfer of the heating device is determined by the formula:

, (3.1)

where is the heat loss of the room, W; when installing several heating devices in a room, the heat loss of the room is distributed equally between the devices;

— useful heat transfer of heating pipelines, W; determined by the formula:

, (3.2)

where is the specific heat transfer of 1 m of openly laid vertical/horizontal/ pipelines, W/m; is accepted according to the data in Table. 3 Appendix 9 depending on the temperature difference between the pipeline and the air;

— total length of vertical/horizontal/ pipelines in the room, m.

Actual heat output of the heating device:

, (3.4)

where is the nominal heat flow of the heating device (one section), W. Accepted according to the data in the table. 1 appendix 9;

- temperature pressure equal to the difference between half the sum of the coolant temperatures at the inlet and outlet of the heating device and the room air temperature:

, °C; (3.5)

where is the coolant flow through the heating device, kg/s;

— empirical coefficients. The parameter values, depending on the type of heating devices, coolant flow rate and flow pattern, are given in Table. 2 applications 9;

— correction factor, method of installing the device; is accepted according to the data in Table. 5 appendices 9.

The average water temperature in a heating device of a single-pipe heating system is generally determined by the expression:

, (3.6)

where is the water temperature in the hot main, °C;

— cooling of water in the supply line, °C;

— correction factors adopted according to table. 4 and table. 7 appendix 9;

- the sum of heat losses of the premises located upstream of the premises in question, counting along the movement of water in the riser, W;

— water flow in the riser, kg/s /determined at the stage of hydraulic calculation of the heating system/;

— heat capacity of water equal to 4187 J/(kg deg);

— coefficient of water flow into the heating device. Accepted according to the table. 8 appendices 9.

The coolant flow through the heating device is determined by the formula:

, (3.7)

The cooling of water in the supply line is found according to the approximate relationship:

, (3.8)

where is the length of the main line from the individual heating point to the design riser, m.

The actual heat transfer of the heating device must be no less than the required heat transfer, that is. The opposite relationship is allowed if the discrepancy does not exceed 5%.

Device design

Steel panel-type radiators may vary slightly in design. The main elements are panels. Their number can vary from 1 to 3. Each panel, in turn, consists of metal plates that are connected along a contour to each other. The plates are made of steel by stamping. As a result, vertically located channels appear on the surface of the plates - the coolant will subsequently move along them.

If the design of the device provides for the presence of several plates, they are combined together into a single whole. For this purpose, pipes are used. To increase the heat transfer value, plate convectors are installed between the panels. If the device consists of one panel, the pipes are located at the rear of the panel.

On the sides, the holes between the panels (if there are several of them) are covered with a casing.

Characteristics and Features

The secret of their popularity is simple: in our country, the coolant in centralized heating networks is such that it even dissolves or erases metals. In addition to a huge amount of dissolved chemical elements, it contains sand, particles of rust that have fallen off pipes and radiators, “tears” from welding, bolts forgotten during repairs and a lot of other things that are unknown how they got inside. The only alloy that doesn’t care about all this is cast iron. Stainless steel also does this well, but one can only guess how much such a battery will cost.

MS-140 - an undying classic

And another secret of the MS-140’s popularity is its low price. It has significant differences between different manufacturers, but the approximate cost of one section is about $5 (retail).

Advantages and disadvantages of cast iron radiators

It is clear that a product that has not left the market for many decades has some unique properties. The advantages of cast iron batteries include:

Low chemical activity, which ensures long service life in our networks. Officially, the warranty period is from 10 to 30 years, and the service life is 50 years or more.
Low hydraulic resistance. Only radiators of this type can be installed in systems with natural circulation (some also use aluminum and steel tubular ones).
High temperature of the working environment. No other radiator can withstand temperatures above +130 o C. Most of them have a higher limit of +110 o C.
Low price.
High heat dissipation. For all other cast iron radiators, this characteristic is in the “disadvantages” section. Only MS-140 and MS-90 have a thermal power of one section comparable to aluminum and bimetallic ones. For MS-140, heat transfer is 160-185 W (depending on the manufacturer), for MS 90 - 130 W.
They do not corrode when the coolant is drained.

MS-140 and MS-90 - difference in section depth

Some properties are a plus under some circumstances, and a minus under others:

Large thermal inertia. It may take an hour or more until the MS-140 section warms up. And all this time the room does not heat up. But on the other hand, this is good if the heating is turned off, or a conventional solid fuel boiler is used in the system: the heat accumulated by the walls and water maintains the temperature in the room for a long time.
Large cross-section of channels and collectors. On the one hand, even a bad and dirty coolant will not be able to clog them in just a few years. Therefore, cleaning and washing can be carried out periodically. But due to the large cross-section, more than a liter of coolant “fits” in one section. And it needs to be “driven” through the system and heated, which means extra costs for equipment (a more powerful pump and boiler) and fuel.

“Pure” disadvantages are also present:

Heavy weight. The weight of one section with an axial distance of 500 mm is from 6 kg to 7.12 kg. And since you usually need from 6 to 14 pieces per room, you can calculate what the mass will be. And you will have to wear it, and also hang it on the wall. This is another drawback: difficult installation. And all because of the same weight. Fragility and low working pressure. Not the most pleasant characteristics

Despite their massive size, cast iron products must be handled with care: they may burst upon impact. The same fragility leads to not the highest operating pressure: 9 atm

Pressure testing - 15-16 atm. The need for regular coloring. All sections come only primed. They will need to be painted often: once every year or two.

Thermal inertia is not always a bad thing...

Application area

As you can see, there are more than serious advantages, but there are also disadvantages. If we summarize everything, we can determine the scope of their use:

Networks with very low coolant quality (Ph above 9) and a large number of abrasive particles (without mud traps and filters).
In individual heating when using solid fuel boilers without automation.
In networks with natural circulation.

Flaws

There are also some disadvantages, but they are few. Connecting a steel panel radiator is only possible in a system with constant water pressure. Batteries do not withstand water hammer.

The system must be constantly filled with coolant. In the absence of water in the device, corrosion appears on the surface due to reaction with oxygen.

When using radiators of this type, convection is created, which may result in drafts. This may result in the raising of fine dust.

What determines the power of cast iron radiators

Cast iron sectional radiators are a method of heating buildings that has been proven for decades. They are very reliable and durable, however, there are a few things to keep in mind. So, their heat transfer surface is somewhat small; about a third of the heat is transferred by convection. We first recommend watching the advantages and features of cast iron radiators in this video

The area of the MS-140 cast iron radiator section is (in terms of heating area) only 0.23 m2, weighs 7.5 kg and holds 4 liters of water. This is quite small, so each room should have at least 8-10 sections. The area of a cast iron radiator section should always be taken into account when choosing, so as not to get hurt. By the way, the heat supply in cast iron batteries is also somewhat slower. The power of a cast iron radiator section is usually about 100-200 W.

The operating pressure of a cast iron radiator is the maximum water pressure it can withstand. Typically this value fluctuates around 16 atm. And heat transfer shows how much heat one section of the radiator gives off.

Radiator manufacturers often overestimate heat output. For example, you can see that cast iron radiators heat transfer at delta t 70 °C is 160/200 W, but the meaning of this is not entirely clear. The designation “delta t” is actually the difference between the average air temperatures in the room and in the heating system, that is, with a delta t of 70 °C, the operating schedule of the heating system should be: supply 100 °C, return 80 °C. It is already clear that these figures do not correspond to reality. Therefore, it would be correct to consider the heat transfer of the radiator at delta t 50 °C. Nowadays, cast iron radiators are widely used, the heat transfer of which (and more specifically, the power of the cast iron radiator section) fluctuates around 100-150 W.

A simple calculation will help us determine the required thermal power. The area of your room in mdelta should be multiplied by 100 W. That is, for a room with an area of 20 mdelta, you will need a radiator with a power of 2000 W. Be sure to keep in mind that if the room has double-glazed windows, you should subtract 200 W from the result, and if the room has several windows, the windows are too large or it is corner, add 20-25%. If you do not take these points into account, the radiator will not work efficiently, and the result will be an unhealthy microclimate in your home. You should also not choose a radiator based on the width of the window under which it will be located, and not on its power.

If the power of cast iron radiators in your home is higher than the heat loss of the room, the devices will overheat. The consequences may not be very pleasant.

First of all, when dealing with the stuffiness that arises due to overheating, you will have to open windows, balconies, etc., creating drafts that create discomfort and illness for the whole family, and especially for children.
Secondly, due to the highly heated surface of the radiator, oxygen burns, air humidity sharply decreases, and even the smell of burnt dust appears. This brings particular suffering to allergy sufferers, since dry air and burnt dust irritate the mucous membranes and cause an allergic reaction. Yes, this also affects healthy people.
Finally, incorrectly selected power of cast iron radiators is a consequence of uneven heat distribution and constant temperature changes. Radiator thermostatic valves are used to regulate the temperature and maintain it. However, it is useless to install them on cast iron radiators.

If the thermal power of your radiators is less than the heat loss of the room, this problem can be solved by creating additional electric heating or even completely replacing heating devices. And this will cost you time and money.

Therefore, it is very important, taking into account the above factors, to choose the most suitable radiator for your room.

Power and number of sections

The power of steel radiators is determined during production by the manufacturer itself: it is set according to the type of radiator - 11, 22 and 33 - and height - from 300 to 900. The power indicator will be determined directly by these values: as a rule, 1 section works per 1 m2 of heated area premises.

Factors for calculation

The calculation of steel radiators begins with determining the climate: for temperate - a variation of 60-100 W/m2, for northern regions - the norm is from 150-200 W/m2. These calculation sources rarely produce errors. The second criterion for calculation is heat transfer, which can be seen on the packaging or data sheet.

The height of the ceilings also matters - the standard value is 2.7 m, if more or less, then you need to adjust accordingly. To do this, the actual ceiling height is divided by 2.7, and the resulting coefficient is multiplied by the standard power. It is important to remember that when doing it yourself, it is better to take power with a reserve: the heat will “go away” to corner rooms, thin walls and other nuances that a simple user will not be able to take into account.

Simple formula

The calculation is carried out in several stages. An average power value of 100 watts per 1 m2 is taken. If the area of the house is 30 m2, and the power of 1 section of the battery is 180 watts, then the calculations will be as follows: 30 * 100/180, a total of 17 sections will be required to heat a space of 30 m2. If this is a corner room, then this value is multiplied by a factor of 1.2 - i.e. 20 radiator sections.

Heating is one of the most important systems in the house. It provides comfortable living conditions. And you need to take care of its serviceability and efficiency in advance. Modern elements of the heating system are panel steel radiators. They have a high efficiency. They are also called convectors.

Advantages and disadvantages of cast iron radiators

Cast iron radiators are manufactured using casting. The cast iron alloy has a homogeneous composition. Such heating devices are widely used for both central heating systems and autonomous heating systems. The sizes of cast iron radiators can vary.

Among the advantages of cast iron radiators are:

Possibility of use for coolant of any quality. Suitable even for coolant with a high alkali content. Cast iron is a durable material and is not easy to dissolve or scratch;
resistance to corrosion processes. Such radiators can withstand coolant temperatures up to +150 degrees;
excellent heat storage properties. An hour after turning off the heating, the cast iron radiator will radiate 30% of the heat. Therefore, cast iron radiators are ideal for systems with irregular heating of the coolant;
do not require frequent care. And this is mainly due to the fact that the cross-section of cast iron radiators is quite large;
long service life - about 50 years. If the coolant is of high quality, then the radiator can last a century;
reliability and strength. The wall thickness of such batteries is large;
high heat radiation. For comparison: bimetallic heaters transfer 50% of the heat, and cast iron radiators – 70% of the heat;
The price for cast iron radiators is quite reasonable.

Among the disadvantages are:

heavy weight Only one section can weigh about 7 kg;
installation should be done on a previously prepared, reliable wall;
Radiators must be coated with paint. If after a while it is necessary to paint the battery again, the old layer of paint must be sanded. Otherwise, heat transfer will decrease;
increased fuel consumption. One segment of a cast iron battery contains 2-3 times more liquid than other types of batteries.

Comparison by other characteristics

One feature of battery operation – inertia – has already been mentioned above. But in order for the comparison of heating radiators to look objective, in addition to heat transfer, other important parameters should be taken into account:

working and maximum coolant pressure;
amount of water held;
weight.

The operating pressure limitation determines whether the heating device can be installed in multi-storey buildings, where the height of water lifting by network pumps can reach hundreds of meters. The parameter does not matter for private houses, where the pressure in the system is low, maximum 3 Bar.

Comparing the capacity of radiators can give an idea of the total amount of water in the network that will have to be heated. Well, the weight of the product is important when choosing the installation location and method of attaching the battery.

As an example, below is a comparison table of the characteristics of various heating radiators of the same size:

Note. In the table, a heating device consisting of 5 sections is taken as 1 unit, except for the steel one, which is a single panel.

Connection method

Not everyone understands that the layout of heating system pipes and proper connection affect the quality and efficiency of heat transfer. Let's look at this fact in more detail.

There are 4 ways to connect a radiator:

Lateral. This option is most often used in city apartments in multi-storey buildings. There are more apartments in the world than private houses, so manufacturers use this type of connection as a nominal way to determine the heat transfer of radiators. To calculate it, a coefficient of 1.0 is used.
Diagonal. An ideal connection, because the coolant passes throughout the entire device, evenly distributing heat throughout its volume. Typically this type is used if the radiator has more than 12 sections. When calculating, a multiplying factor of 1.1–1.2 is used.
Lower. In this case, the supply and return pipes are connected from the bottom of the radiator. Typically this option is used for hidden pipe wiring. This type of connection has one drawback - heat loss is 10%.
Single-pipe. This is essentially a bottom connection. It is usually used in the Leningradka pipe distribution system. And here there were heat losses, although they were several times greater - 30–40%.

Manufacturers

Panel radiators made of steel are available on the market in models from various manufacturers. Both domestic and imported products are available. The following companies produce steel panel radiators:

Kermi (Germany);

Buderus (Germany);

"Korado" (Czech Republic);

DeLonghi (Italy);

PURMO (Finland).

Panel steel radiators are an excellent choice for an autonomous heating system. They will allow you to heat the room efficiently and quickly. Thanks to their design, they have a high efficiency, can work with coolant of almost any quality, consume a small amount of energy and do not emit harmful and dangerous substances, that is, they are environmentally friendly.

We talked about calculating radiators, and somehow it turned out that we were talking about choosing the number of sections. That is, it was assumed that the radiators in your house would be sectional. Well, what about panel radiators

Perhaps someone will choose them. Therefore, let’s fill the gap: find out how to select panel radiators based on power.

How to correctly calculate the actual heat transfer of batteries

You should always start with the technical data sheet that is attached to the product by the manufacturer. In it you will definitely find the data you are interested in, namely the thermal power of one section or panel radiator of a certain standard size. But do not rush to admire the excellent performance of aluminum or bimetallic batteries; the figure indicated in the passport is not final and requires adjustment, for which you need to calculate the heat transfer.

You can often hear the following judgments: the power of aluminum radiators is the highest, because it is well known that the heat transfer of copper and aluminum is the best among other metals. Copper and aluminum have the best thermal conductivity, this is true, but heat transfer depends on many factors, which will be discussed below.

The heat transfer stated in the heating device’s passport corresponds to the truth when the difference between the average temperature of the coolant (supply t + return t)/2 and in the room is 70 °C. Using the formula, this is expressed as follows:

For reference. In the documentation for products from different companies, this parameter can be designated differently: dt, Δt or DT, and sometimes it is simply written “at a temperature difference of 70 °C”.

What does it mean when the documentation for a bimetallic radiator says: the thermal power of one section is 200 W at DT = 70 °C? The same formula will help you figure it out, but you just need to substitute the known value of room temperature – 22 °C – into it and carry out the calculation in reverse order:

Knowing that the temperature difference in the supply and return pipelines should not be more than 20 °C, their values must be determined as follows:

Now it is clear that 1 section of the bimetallic radiator from the example will give off 200 W of heat, provided that there is water heated to 102 °C in the supply pipeline, and a comfortable temperature of 22 °C is established in the room. The first condition is impossible to fulfill, since in modern boilers heating is limited to 80 °C, which means that the battery will never be able to deliver the declared 200 W of heat. And it is a rare case that the coolant in a private house is heated to such an extent; the usual maximum is 70 °C, which corresponds to DT = 38-40 °C.

Calculation procedure

It turns out that the actual power of the heating battery is much lower than stated in the passport, but to select it you need to understand how much. There is a simple way to do this: applying a reduction factor to the initial value of the heater’s thermal power. Below is a table that shows the values of the coefficients by which you need to multiply the heat transfer rating of the radiator depending on the DT value:

The algorithm for calculating the real heat transfer of heating devices for your individual conditions is as follows:

Determine what the temperature in the house and water in the system should be.
Substitute these values into the formula and calculate your real Δt.
Find the corresponding coefficient in the table.
Multiply the rated heat transfer value of the radiator by it.
Calculate the number of heating devices needed to heat the room.

For the example above, the thermal power of 1 section of a bimetallic radiator will be 200 W x 0.48 = 96 W. Therefore, to heat a room with an area of 10 m2, you will need 1 thousand W of heat or 1000/96 = 10.4 = 11 sections (rounding always goes up).

The presented table and calculation of the heat transfer of batteries should be used when the documentation indicates Δt equal to 70 °C. But it happens that for different devices from some manufacturers the radiator power is given at Δt = 50 °C. Then you can’t use this method, it’s easier to dial the required number of sections according to the passport characteristics, just take their number with a margin of one and a half.

For reference. Many manufacturers indicate heat transfer values under the following conditions: supply t = 90 °C, return t = 70 °C, air t = 20 °C, which corresponds to Δt = 50 °C.

Calculation of the size of a steel radiator

The design of panel devices differs from sectional ones. The batteries are made from stamped steel sheets 1…1.2 mm thick, pre-cut to the required size. To select a radiator of the required power, you need to find out the heat transfer of 1 meter of length of a panel welded from sheets.

We suggest using the simplest method based on technical data from a serious German manufacturer of panel water radiators Kermi. What is the point: stamped batteries are unified, the types of products differ in the number of heating panels and heat exchange fins. The classification of radiators looks like this:

type 10 – single-panel device without additional ribs;
type 11 – 1 panel + 1 sheet of corrugated metal;
type 12 – two panels plus 1 sheet of fins;
type 20 – battery with 2 heating plates, convection fins are not provided;
type 22 – double-panel radiator with 2 sheets, increasing the heat exchange area.

Sketches of steel heaters of various types - top view

Note. There are also type 33 heaters (3 panels + 3 fins), but such products are less in demand due to their increased thickness and price. The most popular model is type 22.

So, stamped panel devices of any brand differ only in mounting dimensions. The calculation of heating radiators comes down to choosing the appropriate type, then the length of the battery for a specific room is calculated based on height and heat transfer. The algorithm is as follows:

Identify the initial data listed at the beginning of the article.
Select the type and height of the heating device. The most common options are products with a height of 30, 40 and 50 cm, type 22.
Use the table presented, which shows the heat output q (W/1 m.p.) of Kermi radiators of different types and sizes, depending on operating conditions. Start with the left column - find the appropriate room temperature, then the coolant, then the height and type of battery. In the cell at the intersection of the row and column you will find the power of 1 meter of radiator.
Divide the amount of energy needed for heating by the value q - you will find out the footage of a radiator of a given height.
From the catalog, select a water heating device of the appropriate length. If necessary (for example, the battery is too long), divide this size into 2-3 devices.

Calculation example. Let's determine the dimensions of a steel radiator for the same room of 15.75 m²: heat loss - 2048 W, air temperature - 22 degrees, coolant - 65 °C. Let's take standard batteries with a height of 500 mm, type 22. Using the table we find q = 1461 W, find out the total length of the panel 2048 / 1461 = 1.4 m. From the catalog of any manufacturer, select the nearest larger option - a heater 1.5 m long or 2 devices 0.7 m each.

The end of the first table is the heat transfer of 1 m length of Kermi radiators

Advice. Our instructions are 100% correct for Kermi products. When purchasing radiators from another brand (especially Chinese), the panel length should be taken with a margin of 10-15%.

Radiator heat transfer, what does this indicator mean?

The term heat transfer means the amount of heat that a heating battery transfers to a room over a certain period of time. There are several synonyms for this indicator: heat flow; thermal power, device power. The heat output of heating radiators is measured in Watts (W). Sometimes in the technical literature you can find a definition of this indicator in calories per hour, with 1 W = 859.8 cal/h.

Heat transfer from radiators occurs through three processes:

heat transfer;
convection;
radiation (radiation).

Each heating device uses all three heat transfer options, but their ratio differs for different models. Previously, it was customary to call radiators devices in which at least 25% of the thermal energy is released as a result of direct radiation, but now the meaning of this term has expanded significantly. Nowadays, convector-type devices are often called this.

Design

A steel panel radiator can become not only a source of heat, but also a stylish piece of furniture. In addition to the traditional white color, there are radiators on the market in a variety of colors, even with patterns.

Steel panel radiators can be “packed” into decorative boxes - screen and sidewalls, which... Decor for heating devices can be made to order according to an individual design or purchased ready-made from the manufacturer.

New items

Tubular heating radiators, due to the shape of the pipes, can be of a wide variety of designs: both classic options and bold interior experiments are available for them.

For example, a new popular design made of heating pipes has entered the market - bench radiators covered with varnished boards. This bench can be installed in the hallway, kitchen, children's room or winter garden. Its compliance with hygienic standards allows it to be placed in medical institutions.

Technical characteristics of cast iron radiators

The technical parameters of cast iron batteries are related to their reliability and endurance. The main characteristics of a cast iron radiator, like any heating device, are heat transfer and power. As a rule, manufacturers indicate the power of cast iron heating radiators for one section. The number of sections may vary. As a rule, from 3 to 6. But sometimes it can reach 12. The required number of sections is calculated separately for each apartment.

The number of sections depends on a number of factors:

room area;
room height;
number of windows;
floor;
presence of installed double-glazed windows;
corner placement of the apartment.

The price given for cast iron heating radiators is per section, and may vary depending on the manufacturer. The heat dissipation of batteries depends on what material they are made of. In this regard, cast iron is inferior to aluminum and steel.

Other technical parameters include:

maximum operating pressure – 9-12 bar;
maximum coolant temperature – 150 degrees;
one section holds about 1.4 liters of water;
the weight of one section is approximately 6 kg;
section width 9.8 cm.

Such batteries should be installed with a distance between the radiator and the wall of 2 to 5 cm. The installation height above the floor should be at least 10 cm. If there are several windows in the room, the batteries should be installed under each window. If the apartment is corner, then it is recommended to insulate the walls externally or increase the number of sections.

It should be noted that cast iron batteries are often sold unpainted. In this regard, after purchase, they must be coated with a heat-resistant decorative composition and must first be stretched.

Among domestic radiators, one can distinguish the ms 140 model. For cast iron heating radiators ms 140, the technical specifications are given below:

heat transfer of the MS section 140 – 175 W;
height – 59 cm;
The radiator weighs 7 kg;
capacity of one section - 1.4 l;
section depth is 14 cm;
section power reaches 160 W;
section width is 9.3 cm;

the maximum coolant temperature is 130 degrees;
maximum operating pressure – 9 bar;
the radiator has a sectional design;
crimping pressure is 15 bar;
the volume of water in one section is 1.35 liters;
Heat-resistant rubber is used as a material for intersection gaskets.

It is worth noting that MS 140 cast iron radiators are reliable and durable. And the price is quite affordable. Which determines their demand in the domestic market.

Features of choosing cast iron radiators

To choose which cast iron heating radiators are best suited for your conditions, you need to take into account the following technical parameters:

heat dissipation Select based on the size of the room;
radiator weight;
power;
dimensions: width, height, depth.

To calculate the thermal power of a cast iron battery, you need to be guided by the following rule: for a room with 1 outer wall and 1 window, you need 1 kW of power per 10 sq.m. room area; for a room with 2 external walls and 1 window - 1.2 kW; for heating a room with 2 external walls and 2 windows - 1.3 kW.

If you decide to buy cast iron heating radiators, you should consider the following nuances:

if the ceiling is higher than 3 m, the required power will increase proportionally;
if the room has double-glazed windows, then the battery power can be reduced by 15%;
If there are several windows in the apartment, then a radiator must be installed under each of them.

Modern market

Imported batteries have a perfectly smooth surface, they are of higher quality and look more aesthetically pleasing. True, their cost is high.

Among domestic analogues, we can highlight cast iron radiators Konner, which are in good demand today. They are characterized by a long service life, reliability, and fit perfectly into a modern interior. Konner heating cast iron radiators are available in any configuration.

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pros

A steel panel radiator of any type has the following advantages:

high heat transfer at low cost;
the ability to create an interesting design due to a wide selection of colors, shapes and sizes;
the ability to independently regulate the air temperature and calculate the heating area;
small volume and weight;
radiators are resistant to chemical solutions, including alkaline ones;
optimal combination of radiator and convector properties.

What to consider when calculating

Calculation of heating radiators

Be sure to take into account:

The material from which the heating battery is made.
Its dimensions.
The number of windows and doors in the room.
The material from which the house is built.
The direction of the world in which the apartment or room is located.
Availability of thermal insulation of the building.
Type of pipe system layout.

And this is only a small part of what needs to be taken into account when calculating the power of a heating radiator. Don’t forget about the regional location of the house, as well as the average street temperature.

There are two ways to calculate the heat transfer of a radiator:

Regular - using paper, pen and calculator. The calculation formula is known, and it uses the main indicators - the thermal output of one section and the area of the heated room. Coefficients are also added - decreasing and increasing, which depend on the previously described criteria.
Using an online calculator. It is an easy-to-use computer program into which certain data about the size and design of the house is loaded. It gives a fairly accurate indicator, which is taken as the basis for designing a heating system.

For the common man, both options are not the easiest way to determine the heat transfer of a heating battery. But there is another method for which a simple formula is used - 1 kW per 10 m² of area. That is, to heat a room of 10 square meters, you will need only 1 kilowatt of thermal energy. Knowing the heat transfer rate of one section of a heating radiator, you can accurately calculate how many sections need to be installed in a particular room.

Let's look at a few examples of how to correctly carry out this calculation. Different types of radiators have a large size range, depending on the center distance. This is the size between the axes of the lower and upper manifold. For the bulk of heating batteries, this figure is either 350 mm or 500 mm. There are other parameters, but these are more common than others.

This is the first one. Secondly, there are several types of heating devices made of various metals on the market. Each metal has its own heat transfer, and this will have to be taken into account when calculating. By the way, everyone decides for themselves which radiator to choose and install in their home.

Simplified calculation of heat loss compensation

Any calculations are based on certain principles. The calculations of the required thermal power of batteries are based on the understanding that well-functioning heating devices must fully compensate for the heat losses that occur during their operation due to the characteristics of the heated premises.

For living rooms located in a well-insulated house, located, in turn, in a temperate climate zone, in some cases a simplified calculation of compensation for heat leakage is suitable.

For such premises, calculations are based on a standard power of 41 W required to heat 1 cubic meter. living space.

In order for the thermal energy emitted by heating devices to be directed specifically at heating the premises, it is necessary to insulate walls, attics, windows and floors

The formula for determining the thermal power of radiators necessary to maintain optimal living conditions in a room is as follows:

Q = 41 x V,

where V is the volume of the heated room in cubic meters.

The resulting four-digit result can be expressed in kilowatts, reducing it at the rate of 1 kW = 1000 W.

Additional factors affecting heat transfer

This indicator is also affected by:

Connection type.
Features of accommodation.

The radiator can be connected in the following ways:

Most manufacturers believe that the owner will make
a diagonal connection, because it is the most effective. It consists of connecting the inlet pipe to the pipe located at the top of the heating device, and connecting the outlet pipe to the pipe located at the bottom of the opposite end. Thanks to this, the coolant can easily fill all sections and transfer heat to every particle of the heating radiator. In this case, it is not necessary to create very high pressure to move water or other heated liquid.

Lateral connection involves connecting pipes to the same section. The inlet pipe is located at the top, the outlet pipe at the bottom.
This leads to poor heating of the last ribs. According to statistics, heat loss is 7%. The lower connection diagram results in 20% losses. Heat transfer losses in the last two connection schemes to a heating device can be minimized by using forced circulation of heated liquid. Even a small pressure is enough to completely warm up all sections.

Battery placement is very important. If it is installed crookedly, air pockets will form in some sections. Heat transfer will be less.

The loss of heat transfer can be like this:

7-10% - if the permissible distance between the device and the window sill is exceeded. It should be 10-15 cm;
5% - if the distance between the wall and the battery is reduced. The optimal size is 3-5 cm;
7% - in a situation where the distance between the floor and the radiator is not maintained. It should be 10-15 cm.

Adjusting results

In order to obtain a more accurate calculation, you need to take into account as many factors as possible that reduce or increase heat loss. This is what the walls are made of and how well they are insulated, how large the windows are and what kind of glazing they have, how many walls in the room face the street, etc. To do this, there are coefficients by which you need to multiply the found values of heat loss in the room.

The number of radiators depends on the amount of heat loss

Window

Windows account for 15% to 35% of heat loss. The specific figure depends on the size of the window and how well it is insulated. Therefore, there are two corresponding coefficients:

ratio of window area to floor area: 10% - 0.8
20% — 0,9
30% — 1,0
40% — 1,1
50% — 1,2

glazing:

three-chamber double-glazed window or argon in a two-chamber double-glazed window - 0.85

ordinary double-glazed window - 1.0

regular double frames - 1.27.

Walls and roof

To account for losses, the material of the walls, the degree of thermal insulation, and the number of walls facing the street are important. Here are the coefficients for these factors.

Thermal insulation level:

brick walls two bricks thick are considered the norm - 1.0
insufficient (absent) - 1.27
good - 0.8

Presence of external walls:

interior space - no losses, coefficient 1.0
one - 1.1
two - 1.2
three - 1.3

The amount of heat loss is influenced by whether the room is located on top or not. If there is a habitable heated room on top (the second floor of a house, another apartment, etc.), the reduction factor is 0.7, if there is a heated attic - 0.9. It is generally accepted that an unheated attic does not affect the temperature in any way (coefficient 1.0).

It is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the premises and climate in order to correctly calculate the number of radiator sections

If the calculation was carried out by area, and the ceiling height is non-standard (a height of 2.7 m is taken as the standard), then a proportional increase/decrease using a coefficient is used. It is considered easy. To do this, divide the actual ceiling height in the room by the standard 2.7 m. You get the required coefficient.

Let's do the math for example: let the ceiling height be 3.0m. We get: 3.0m/2.7m=1.1. This means that the number of radiator sections that was calculated by area for a given room must be multiplied by 1.1.

All these norms and coefficients were determined for apartments. To take into account the heat loss of a house through the roof and basement/foundation, you need to increase the result by 50%, that is, the coefficient for a private house is 1.5.

Climatic factors

Adjustments can be made depending on average winter temperatures:

-10°C and above – 0.7
-15оС — 0.9
-20оС — 1.1
-25оС — 1.3
-30оС — 1.5

Having made all the required adjustments, you will receive a more accurate number of radiators required to heat the room, taking into account the parameters of the premises. But these are not all the criteria that influence the power of thermal radiation. There are also technical subtleties, which we will discuss below.